Thursday, July 18, 2019
Pizza delivery Essay
The foray of multinational fast food retailers into India has impacted the taste buds of Indian consumers significantly. Instant food is scoring over traditional food due to influence of Western countries, and rise in income & subsequent standard of living, convenience, etc. As a result, fast food menus are gaining wider acceptance from the Indian consumers. The Indian fast Food Industry Dryer has witnessed high growth strides in the past years, with increasing disposable income; exposure to a number of cuisines; and consumers’ willingness to experiment a mix of both Western and local menu. It has not only provided convenience to people who shuttle between home and work for a bigger part of the day but also eliminated the requirement of conventional cutlery. This industry at the moment thrives on international appeal endorsed by niche chains. The development of nutritious and healthier replacements for the traditional servings at fast food restaurants has transformed into mass promotion of portable foods. As per a new research report titled ‘Indian Fast Food Market Analysis’, currently the Indian fast food industry stands at a massive size of ` 47 billion, driven by a growing number of working professionals and increasing westernization. Apart from this, busy life schedule, standardized food, and less time-consuming processes are also fuelling the demand from domestic consumers in the industry. As demand for all types of fast food items are consistently on the rise, pizza, burger, and French fries have become the all time favorite among young Indians, more so with some of the well-known burger and pizza restaurants like McDonald’s, Domino’s, KFC, Pizza Hut, Nirula’s etc, operating in India. Consumers’ first choice As far as products are concerned, instant noodles and pasta are at a nascent stage but are fast evolving in the Indian fast food business. Demand for these food items are growing as consumers with hectic lifestyles do not want to spend much time in cooking. Besides, a variety of noodles and pasta is easily available in the international fast food makers’ menu at an attractive price range, pulling various consumers to add these delicious foods into their palates. The instant noodles and pasta segment has thus turned out to be a big hit among fast food lovers, resulting in the entry of many leading players into this segment. As per an ongoing study on the Indian fast food industry, there has been a major shift in food habits in the metropolitan cities encouraging the manufacturers to introduce innovative flavors in noodles and pastas to suit Indian consumers. Further, the enhancement of fried instant noodles’ condiment, good performance of non-fried noodles, and the subsequent release of coarse cereal noodles are some of the main trends currently prevailing in the Indian market. About 86 per cent of households prefer to consume instant food over traditional food due to steep rise in dual income level & standard of living, convenience and influence of Western countries. As a result, fast food menus comprising pizza, burger, sandwiches, etc are gaining wider acceptance from the Indian consumers. Competitors’ zone On the competitive front, the fast food market in India is poised for rapid expansion and higher efficiency with the entry of international giants. It has also been observed that with the increasing popularity of dining out in India, restaurant operators want to safeguard their share of improved consumer spending by offering all types of cuisines. This provides a significant opportunity to players in the food and beverage industry. Major players in this sector are creating a competitive environment for future growth. And in order to cater to this augmented customer base, Nirula’s is increasing its existence in metro cities along with the Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities through different formats. The new outlets in cities, such as Amritsar, Patna, Bhopal, Pune and Ludhiana would mainly be Family Style Restaurants (FSR), ice cream kiosks and parlors. Likewise, KFC has plans to increase its existence from 21 cities at present to around 75 cities through its objective to operate 500 restaurants in India by 2015. The company is eager to spread wings to new cities such as Hubli, Madurai, Salem and Mysore in the south, and in the north in Kanpur, Allahabad. Similarly, McDonald’s is targeting 1,000 restaurants by 2020. Hard castle Restaurants, which runs McDonald’s in the south and west, plans to open up to 70 stores next year. It will be the franchisee’s biggest expansion in the past 15 years. McDonald’s also plans to invest ` 10 billion to boost growth. Most of the food chains are busy in innovating and customizing their products. For instance, in order to boost revenue and offer different varieties to the tastes of various cross-sections of people, Domino’s Pizza is planning to customize its range of products. The company is taking initiatives to come up with a new assortment of diet pizzas for Indians, who are health-conscious and intends to introduce different specialties in pizza for people residing in different parts, like North and South India. Further, the acceptance of fast food has grown faster as several players have well-understood the basic requirements of Indian food and served more vegetarians & selected no vegetarian meal options (excludes pork and beef from their menu). Franchise outlets On the strategic front, it has been found that the franchising concept in India is continuously rising, with the increase in the number of international players opening more franchise outlets in India. The increasing revenue figures from franchise outlets encourage the players to opt for the concept. As a result, many international fast food giants are opening up their franchise outlets in India to grab the huge untapped potential in a fast emerging market. In a recent development, Nando, South Africa-based Afro-Portuguese, global restaurant chain is starting up around 35 outlets by 2013 in various parts of India through the franchise route. The company expects to expand enormously in the northern parts of India. Varying consumer behavior Talking about consumers, it has been a noticeable trend that food consumption pattern of urban Indian families has changed dramatically with times owing to the growing influence of Western culture. Indians have started dining out and moved on to accept different varieties of delicious food from the world. Further, studies indicate a radical change in the consumption patterns of Indian consumers, who have traditionally been known for their price sensitiveness. Middle-class families as well as the youth prefer to have a burger worth ` 25 rather than that worth ` 50-75. This reveals that despite looking for taste and brand, consumers in India are still inclined to low-price and health issues. As per a survey conducted in 2010, nearly 80 per cent of the fast food consumers expect the fast food owners to implement required measures for reducing the harmful impact of fast food. To tackle this issue, these owners have adopted innovative cooking styles, such as baking and grilling that retain the flavor of food and also require lesser quantity of oil. Besides, major retailers in this area are now providing all necessary information like ingredients, nutrition and fat contained on the product pack. These measures have helped Indian fast food consumers select healthy and nutritious meal as well as protect them from the dangerous effect of unhealthy fast food. Government inventiveness As far as the role of government is concerned, various initiatives in the recent past have resulted in the entry of many international Fast Food Retailer in the country. With the economic liberalization in 1991, nearly all tariff and non-tariff barriers have been removed or minimized from the Indian boundary that has helped many retailers to enter the growing Indian fast food industry. As per the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, the new rules and standards will make it mandatory for street food vendors to register with state health departments that are into policing hygiene. It requires the food authority to issue licenses to food vendors only after ensuring that their products are safe and hygienic. Vendors with products that are found unhygienic or unsafe will face monetary penalties. Moreover, user friendly and IT-enabled licensing system will be created to improve governance and compliance. To try to ensure that India has the capacity to implement the new law, the government has increased the number of state laboratories for testing eatables and appointed more food safety officers to check food quality & hygiene instead of merely monitoring adulteration. Besides, the Indian government has also directed state governments to prohibit sales of fast food and carbonated drinks on school premises & check out all such items that lead to unhealthy eating from cafeteria within a 1,500 feet radius of schools. In addition, the country’s regulators have ordered food chains to provide product nutritional labeling at the time of sale, so that customers can know about what they are eating and what effect it can have on their health. This step is a result of various studies that have shown that a typical fast food has very high density that causes people to eat more than they usually require, causing people to fall ill with many health-related problems like obesity, diabetes and heart diseases. Shortfalls and remedies India has witnessed a massive increase in the consumption of fast food over the past few years. Indeed, the country has come out as one of the rapidly growing fast food markets in the world. Although the country offers lucrative opportunities to new entrants due to rapid urbanization and changing lifestyles, there still exist some roadblocks, which may hinder the exponential growth route of this industry in future. Competition from local street vendors remains the biggest threat to the growth of the fast food industry in the country. There is an increase in raw materials cost and fuel charges, which is causing a lot of strain to the players in this segment. Lack of proper infrastructural facilities, with respect to roads and electricity, has also hampered the development of fast food market in India. Besides, the industry will have to tackle a number of roadblocks including the rising consumer concerns regarding obesity and health-consciousness to maintain the ongoing trend. On a fast track If the challenges are met with serious considerations, the Indian fast food industry is anticipated to achieve glorious milestones in the coming years. Increasing inclination of people to eat outside (restaurants) will be the major driving force behind the projected growth. Besides, healthy food options and low-price menu will also contribute to its growth, to attain a CAGR of around 33 per cent during 2010-2014. THE START OF FAST FOOD CULTURE The concept of fast food pops up during 1920s. The 1950s first witnessed their rapid proliferation. Several factors that contributed to this explosive growth in50’s were:(1) America’s love affair with the automobiles. (2) The construction of a major new highway system. (3) The development of sub-urban communities. (4) The baby boom subsequent to world war second. â€Å"Fast-food chains initially catered to automobile owners in suburbia. On the go Fast food outlets are take-away or take-out providers, often with a â€Å"drive-through†service which allows customers to order and pick up food from their cars; but most also have a seating area in which customers can eatthe food on the premises. People eat there more than five times a week and often, one or more of those five times is at a fast food restaurant. Nearly from its inception, fast food has been designed to be eaten â€Å"on the go†, often does not require traditional cutlery, and is eaten as a finger food. Common menu items at fast food outlets include fish and chips, sandwiches, pitas, hamburgers, fried chicken, French fries, chicken nuggets, tacos, pizza, hot dogs, and ice cream, although many fast food restaurants offer â€Å"slower†foods like chili, mashed potatoes, and salads. Variants Although fast food often brings to mind traditional American fast food such as hamburgers and fries, there are many other forms of fast food that enjoy widespread popularity in the West. Chinese takeaways/takeout restaurants are particularly popular. They normally offer a wide variety of Asian food which has normally been fried. Most options are some form of noodles, rice, or meat. Sushi has seen rapidly rising popularity in recent times. A form of fast food created in Japan. sushi is normally cold sticky rice served with raw fish. Pizza is a common fast food category in the United States, with chains such as Domino’s Pizza, Sbarro and Pizza Hut. Menus are more limited and standardized than in traditional pizzerias, and pizza delivery, often with a time commitment, is offered. Fish and chip shops are a form of fast food popular in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Fish is battered and then deep fried. The Dutch have their own types of fast food. A Dutch fast food meal often consists of a portion of French fries. Facts and figures Fast food is one of the world’s largest growing food type. India’s fast food industry is growing by 40% a year and is expected to generate a billion dollars in sales by 2005. The multinational segment of Indian fast foodindustry is up to Rs. 6 billion, a figure expected to zoom to Rs. 70 billion by2005. By 2005, the value of Indian dairy products is expected to be Rs. 1,00,000 million. In last 6 years, foreign investment in this sector stood at Rs. 3600 million which is about one fourth of total investment made in this sector. Because of the availability of raw material for fast food, Global chains are flooding into the country. MARKET SIZE & MAJOR PLAYERS a)Dominated by McDonalds having as many as 75 outlets. b)Domino’s pizza is present in around 100 locations. c)Pizza hut is also catching up and it has planned to establish 125outlets at the end of 2005. d) Subways have established around 40 outlets. e) Nirulas is established at Delhi and Noida only. However, it claims tocater 50,000 guests every day. Major players in fast food are: †¢ MCDONALDS. †¢ KFC †¢ PIZZA HUT †¢ DOMINOS PIZZA. †¢ COFFEE DAY †¢BARISTA. The main reason behind the success of the multinational chains is their expertise in product development, sourcing practices, quality standards, service levels and standardized operating procedures in their restaurants, astrength that they have developed over years of experience around the world. The home grown chains have in the past few years of competition with the MNCs, learnt a few things but there is still a lot of scope for improvement. REASON FOR EMERGENCE Gender Roles : gender roles are now changing. Females have startedworking outside. So, they have no time for their home and cooking food. Fastfood is an easy way out because these can be prepared easily. Customer Sophistication and Confidence: consumers are becoming more sophisticated now. They do not want to prepare food and spend their time and energy in house hold works. They are building their confidence more on ‘ready to eat and easy to serve’ kind of foods Paucity of Time: people have no time for cooking. Because of emergence of working women and also number of other entertainment items. Most of thetime either people work or want to enjoy with their family. Double Income Group: emergence of double income group leads to increase in disposable income. Now people have more disposable income so they can spend easily in fast food and other activities. Working Women: working women have no time for cooking, and if they have then also they don’t want to cook. Because they want to come out of the traditionally defined gender roles. They do not want to confinethemselves to household work and upbringing of children’s. Large population: India being a second largest country in terms of population possesses large potential market for all the products/services. Thisresults into entry of large number of fast food players in the country. Relaxation in rules and regulations: with the economic liberalization of 1991, most of the tariff and non tariff barriers from the Indian boundaries are either removed or minimized. This helped significantly the MNC’s to enter in the country. CHALLENGES FOR THE INDUSTRY Social and cultural implications of Indians switching to western breakfast food: Generally, Hindus avoid all foods that are believed to inhibit physical and spiritual development. Eating meat is not explicitly prohibited, but many Hindus are vegetarian because they adhere to the concept of ahimsa. Those seeking spiritual unity may avoid garlic and onions. The concept of purity influences Hindu food practices. Products from cows (e. g. ,milk, yogurt, ghee-clarified butter) are considered pure. Pure foods can improve the purity of impure foods when they are prepared together. Some foods, such as beef or alcohol, are innately polluted and can never be made pure. But now, Indians are switching to fast food that contain all those things that are considered impure or against there beliefs. Some traditional and fundamentalist are against this transformation of food habit and number of times they provoke their counterparts to revolt against such foods. And that is what happened when McDonald’s decided to enter the complexity of Indian business landscape, counting only on its â€Å"fast food global formula†, without any apparent previous cultural training. Emphasis on the usage of bio-degradable products: Glasses, silverware, plates and cloth napkins are never provided with fast food. Instead, paper plates and napkins, polyurethane containers, plastic cups and tableware, drinking cartons or PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles are used, and these are all disposable. Many of these items are tossed in the garbage instead of being recycled, or even worse, merely thrown on the ground. This burdens nature unnecessarily and squanders raw materials. In order to reduce soil and water pollution, government now emphasis more on the usage of bio-degradable products. Retrenchment of employees: Most of new industries will be capital intensive and may drive local competitors, which have more workers, out of business. Profit repatriation: Repatriation of profits is another area of concern forIndian economy. As when multinational enters the any countries, people and government hope that it will increase the employment rate and result in economic growth. However, with the multinational operation, host country experiences these benefits for a short time period. In long run neither employment increases (because of capital intensive nature of MNC’s) nor it increases the GDP or GNP because whatever MNC’s earn they repatriate that profit back to their home country. PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRY Environmental friendly products cost high:government is legislating laws in order to keep check on the fast food industry and it is emphasizing more on the usage of bio-degradable and environment friendly products. But associated with this issue is the problem that fast food player faces – the cost associated with the environment friendly product. They cost much higher than the normal products that companies uses for packaging or wrapping their products. Balance between societal expectation and companies economic objectives:  To balance a society’s expectation regarding environment with the economic burden of protecting the environment. Thus, one can see that one side pushes for higher standards and other side tries to beat the standard back, thereby making it a arm wrestling and mind boggling exercise. Health related issues: obesity: I. Studies have shown that a typical fast food has very high density and food with high density causes people to eat more then they usually need. II. Low calories food: Emphasis is now more on low calorie food. In this line McDonald has a plan to introduce all white meat chickenMcnuugget with less fat and fewer calories. TRENDS IN INDIAN MARKET Marketing to children’s: Fast food outlets in India target children’s as their major customers. They introduce varieties of things that will attract the children’s attention and by targeting children’s they automatically target their parents because Children’s are always accompanied by their parents. Low level customer commitment: Because of the large number of food retail outlets and also because of the tendency of customer to switch from one product to other, this industry faces low level customer commitment. INTRODUCTION OF DOMINOES Domino’s Pizza India Ltd. was incorporated in March 1995 as the master franchisee for India and Nepal, of Domino’s Pizza International Inc. , of USA. Moreover, the company holds the master franchisee rights for Sri Lanka and Bangladesh through its wholly owned subsidiary. Mr. Shyam S. Bhatia and Mr. Hari S. Bhartia of the Jubilant Organosys Group were the promoters of the company. Since inception, Domino’s Pizza India Ltd. has proceeded to become one of the largest and fastest growing international food chains in South Asia. Thefirst Domino’s Pizza store in India opened in January 1996, at New Delhi. Today, Domino’s Pizza India has grown into a countrywide network around220 outlets in 42 cities and is the leader in the fast food delivery segment. Ever since it was established, Domino’s Pizza India has maintained its position of market leadership with its constant product innovation and maintenance of stringent service standards. More importantly, it has established a reputation for being a home delivery specialist capable of delivering its pizzas within 30 minutes to its community of loyal customers from its entire chain of stores around the country. Customers can order their  pizzas by calling a single countrywide Happiness Hotline – 1800-111-123. Infact, Domino’s was the first one to start this facility for its customers. Domino’s is committed to bringing fun and excitement to the lives of our customers by delivering delicious pizzas to their doorstep in 30 minutes or less, and all its strategies are aimed at fulfilling this commitment towards its large and ever-growing customer base. Domino’s constantly strives to develop products that suit the tastes of its customers, thereby bringing out the Wow effect(the feel good factor). Domino’s believes strongly in the strategy of ‘Think local and act regional’. Thus, time and again Domino’s has been innovating toppings suitable to the taste buds of the local populace and these have been very well accepted by the Indian market. DOMINOES VISION AND OBJECTIVES Domino’s vision is â€Å" Exceptional people on a mission, to be the best pizza delivery company in the world! †. Domino’s is committed to bringing fun and excitement to the lives of our customers by delivering delicious pizzas to their doorstep in 30 minutes or less, and all our strategies work for fulfilling this commitment towards our large and ever-growing customer base. Domino’s constantly strives to develop the product that suits the taste of its customers to bring out the ‘WOW’ effect (i. e. the feel good factor). Domino’s believes in the strategy of â€Å"Think local and act regional†that is blended with a playful image personified by our â€Å"Hungry Kya? â€Å"positioning. Thus, time and again Domino’s has been innovating toppings, suitable to the taste buds of the locals and these have been very well accepted by the Indian market, are doing extensively well in the market. We are constantly in the process of innovating further; we introduce new topping every 3 –4 months Domino’s understands customers demand and is constantly developing  local flavors understanding the local sentiments. Also, the ingredients, sauces etc. are made keeping in mind the taste buds of Indian consumers while retaining the international flavor. Domino’s constantly strive to make the company an integral part of the lives of the target audiences by getting involved with the clientele at the emotional level and building long-term relationship with them. Thus, Domino’s concentrate more on carrying out below-the-line activities in the area it serves. Domino’s believe in bringing fun and excitement into the lives of our clientele. We take our delivery proposition very seriously and our entire corporate ethic is based on it. Domino’s is the recognized world leader in Pizza delivery. But it isn’t just about delivering; it’s also about giving back to the community. Domino’s believes that an essential component of corporate responsibility is to provide support to charitable organizations that benefit the communities where its employees and customers work and live. Domino’s worldwide is known for its commitment toward social causes and believes in adding fun to the lives of our customers and communities it serves. In India, Domino’s has been associated with the NGO’s devoted to the cause of underprivileged Children’s. Domino’s conducts Store Educational Tour (SET) for the under privileged children time-to-time. Recently this was done in the one of the Domino’s outlet in Delhi and Mumbai with the underprivileged children from CRY (Child Relief and You) where Domino’s took the pledge to provide part-time employment to the eligible wards from CRY who are above 18 years, reiterating its commitment towards social causes. Also, fifty- percent of that day’s first 20 deliveries of the store were given to CRY toward the cause of the underprivileged children. The children had a gala time while they learned to make and bake pizzas at the store and finally tasted the sumptuous offerings made by them during the Store Educational Tour. Domino’s Pizza India also boasts about its commitment to serve its customers on time by implementing the â€Å"30 MINUTES OR FREE†service commitment , they have been able to achieve this as a result of continuous efforts and dedication of the entire team in improving operating efficiencies . Domino’s Pizza India has been consistently  rated amongst the  top 2 pizza chains worldwide in the Domino’s family by Domino’s International, in terms of quality of operations. Our pizza delivery times have also been judged as the best delivery times in the world across all Domino’s. Communication objectives Category Need Domino’s master franchise model Industry analysts believed that Domino’s master franchise model was one of the reasons for its success in international markets even in light of the global economic slowdown in 2008. How domino’s international bucked the trend The strong performance of Domino’s international master franchises in the midst of the global economic slowdown was a widely debated topic among analysts. While some analysts believed that the recession had helped the growth of these chains due to the ‘trading down factor’ of people preferring to eat at home rather than dine out at expensive restaurants, others believed it was a combination of aggressive marketing and the franchise model that had helped the company buck the trend. Dominoes Brand Awareness Promotional and advertisement campaigns The pizza delivery business had traditionally been promotion driven. Coupons and discounts were offered by all pizza delivery chains to woo customers. Since its inception, Domino’s had been known for its unique promotions that included fast delivery and innovations to cater to a varied palette. The ’30 minutes’ promise In the year 1973, Domino’s began a guarantee scheme that its pizzas would be delivered in 30minutes or less of ordering failing which the customer would receive the pizza free. Brand Attitude Use of technology Online sales accounted for over 70 percent of its total sales in 2008. Dominos planned to further exploit the increasing potential of the online medium as one of the promotional and distributional channels in the downturn. Brand Purchase Intention. What makes domino’s pizza better than its competitors? †¢ Varity of Pizza’s †¢ Services offered †¢ Quality of pizza’s †¢ Location of the Outlet †¢ Waiting time in the outlet †¢ Door step services †¢ Lower price Communication Mix Communication is very important, particularly when it is two-way. Domino’s value customer feedback and is most responsive to customer preferences. Fast food ought to be a fun experience and this is not possible unless the provider and the consumer are in synch. They are in the service business, and their product is positioned as a convenience food delivered to the customer hot and fresh in 30 minutes guaranteed. Every company must follow the eight major marketing communication modes. For Domino’s direct selling and interactive selling is not needed though they are involved in internet and cable TV promotions. Domino’s always search for ways to gain efficiency by replacing one communication with others. The sustainability among communication tools explains why marketing function need to be coordinated. Advertising The Domino’s Pizza franchise has earned the reputation of being one of the fast growing food chains in South Asia. Domino’s is committed to bringing fun and excitement to the lives of its customers by delivering delicious pizzas to their doorstep in 30 minutes or less. The fast food franchise is all set to make the complete use of its potential market in India, where eating out is a means of entertainment. Its advertisements are image of its core competencies. The Domino’s Pizza India franchise keeps implementing varied promotional strategies. Domino’s initially restricted their ad strategy to banners, hoardings and specific promotions. In August2000, Domino’s launched the ‘Hungry Kya? (Are You Hungry? ) sequence of advertisements on television. While highlighting its home delivery facility in advertisements, the pizza franchise always adds an element of humour in it. That is exactly why actor Arshad Warsi was made the brand ambassador of the Domino’s Pizza India franchise. Paresh Rawal, another humorist of Hindi cinema, was also featured in Domino’s ads. A significant strategic change is that, while the unique selling proposition of Domino’s is home delivery in all markets, they have been creating dine-in spaces at all their restaurants here in India. Domino’s Pizza’s tagline ‘khushiyon ki home delivery’ which cuts through the advertising clutter still remains intact. But in tier-2 and tier-3 cities, as people like to experience eating out close to 75% of their restaurants now have dine-in facilities. This is different from their global strategy where their key focus has been on home delivery. Also, they are in the trial stage of orders by internet in India after its success in U. S. Another feature they introduced is a customer can top the Pizza he wants. Domino’s went a step ahead by differentiating regions and applyingthe taste-factor accordingly. Domino’s also made ordering simpler through a single toll-free number throughout the country. Dominos has been following the principle of ‘Think Local, Act Regional’ . Events/ Experiences They are sponsoring some college fest, cultural program and promotional events through out the country for promotion. Public Relation Domino’s Pizza India undertakes local store marketing initiatives. These include specialdiscounts to loyal customers and parade like activities such as Motorbike formations, distributing special offer coupons and phone calls to frequent customers. Domino’s has been innovating toppings suitable to the taste buds of the local populace and the Indian market has very well accepted these. Domino’s Pizza India Ltd, which runs fast food chain Domino’s Pizza in the country, has changed its corporate name to Jubilant Food Works Ltd. The change of name came into effect from September 24 2009. â€Å"The decision to change the name has been taken to align ourselves with the branding of the Jubilant Bhartia Group, promoted by Shyam S Bhartia and Hari S Bhartia,† Jubilant Food Works Chief Executive Officer Ajay Kaul said. Jubilant Bhartia Group holds the master franchisee rights for the Domino’s Pizza brand and operations for the whole of India, Nepal,Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. However, the company will continue to use the brand name of ‘Domino’s Pizza’ for marketing and other related purposes. Personal Selling Domino’s continuously strives to make the company an integral part of the lives of the target audiences by getting involved with the clientele at the emotional level and building long term relationships with them. Thus, domino’s concentrates more on carrying out below the line activities in the areas it serves.
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.