The Rights Of The United States - 1684 Words

Former U.S. President John F. Kennedy once said, â€Å" Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty†(â€Å"John,† p.1). Indeed, throughout the course of history of United States, peoples’ liberty has been established as the most important aspect of American people. Liberty is understood as a basic right of freedom in which everyone can engage without control or interference by a government or other power. Based on that principle, Selective Incorporation is a process of constitutional law in which some provisions of the Bill of Rights are nationalized to the states through the Fourteenth†¦show more content†¦To clarify, Near was accused of violating a law because he revealed wrongdoings of the local government. Moreover, the trial judge issued an injunction â€Å"preventing Near from publishing the newspaper in the future† (â€Å"Near,† p.36). As is evidenced, Minnesota officials felt the need to stop Near from incriminating their conducts. But obviously, their decision violated Near’s freedom of press which state government have to obey due to â€Å"Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment† (â€Å"Near,† p.37). Near appealed the case to the U.S. Supreme Court; and the court â€Å"voted 5–4 to declare the Minnesota Gag Law unconstitutional â€Å"(â€Å"Near,† p.37). It is important to realize that through process of selective incorporation, the federal government has the duty to force state government to protect their citizens’ liberties. Similar to Near v. Minnesota, selective incorporation had helped Lawrence Robinson win in Robinson v. California in which the Supreme Court’s decision regarded the Eighth Amendment, the cruel-and-unusual-punishment clause. The issue occurs when Robinson was â€Å"sear ched and questioned† by Officer Brown â€Å"on the streets of Los Angeles† even though â€Å"he was not doing anything wrong† (â€Å"Robinson,†

Gilman Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper - 1290 Words

Gilman Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, is the disheartening tale of a woman suffering from postpartum depression. Set during the late 1890s, the story shows the mental and emotional results of the typical rest cure prescribed during that era and the narrator’s reaction to this course of treatment. It would appear that Gilman was writing about her own anguish as she herself underwent such a treatment with Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell in 1887, just two years after the birth of her daughter Katherine. The rest cure that the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper describes is very close to what Gilman herself experienced; therefore, the story can be read as reflecting the†¦show more content†¦Mitchell’s treatment of the typical female seeking his world famous rest cure. Wagner-Martin states that the rest cure depended upon seclusion, massage, immobility, and overfeeding; . . . [it] had at its root complete mental inactivity (982). Carol Parley Ke ssler, in her essay on Gilman’s life, quotes Dr. Mitchell’s prescription to Gilman as, never touch pen, brush, or pencil (Kessler 158). Gilman subjects her narrator to the same prescription. You can tell from the story that the narrator wants to write and that she thinks that being allowed to do so would help her mental and emotional condition. She says, I think . . . it would relieve the press of ideas and rest me (Gilman 81). Kessler further explains that Dr. Mitchell’s treatment only made Gilman’s depression worse and that eventually she ceased to follow his regimen (158). The character she creates in The Yellow Wallpaper also fantasizes about ending her regimen saying, I wish I could get well faster (Gilman 81). Both seem to view the rest cure as an unwanted interruption in their lives. It should be no surprise then that Gilman draws from her own experience and Dr. Mitchell’s treatment. She even finds a way to incorporate him into the story as a kind of threat to the narrator. The narrator in the story is thinking about the reaction of her husband, who is also a doctor, to her slow convalescence, if I don’t pick up faster he shallShow MoreRelatedInterpretations of Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper1460 Words   |  6 PagesInterpretations of Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is an example of how stories and the symbolism to which they are related can influence the perspective of its readers and alternate their point of view. In the â€Å"Yellow Wall-Paper†, the unknown narrator gets so influenced by her surroundings that she starts showing signs of mental disorder, creating through many years several controversies on trying to find the real causes of her deceaseRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman s career as a leading feminists and social activist translated into her writing as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her severe depression and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editorRead MoreIsolation in â€Å"a Rose for Emily† and â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper†1222 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are two well written short stories that entail both similarities and differences. Both short stories were written in the late 1800’s early 1900’s and depict the era when women were viewed less important than men. The protagonist in each story is a woman, who is confined in solitary due to the men in their lives. The narrator in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is the mutual voice of the townspeople of Jefferson, whileRead MoreYellow Wallpaper Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper† Charlotte Perkins Gilman (Full name Charlotte Anna Perkins Stetson Gilman) American short story writer, essayist, novelist, and autobiographer. The following entry presents criticism of Gilman s short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† (1892). The short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by nineteenth-century feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman, was first published in 1892 in New England Magazine. Gilman s story, based upon her own experience with a â€Å"rest cure† for mental illness, wasRead More`` The Yellow Wallpaper `` And `` It s A Girl ``1651 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilmans, who wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† to challenge the ideals of society and their treatment towards women. Gilman, faced with the discriminatory and prejudiced challenges of her gender, her childhood shadowed and pelted on with poverty, and her mind plagued with the constant, deafening humming of nervous postpartum depression, unambiguously determined that she was going to raise her voice against constant chattering of chauvinist values. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a direct echoRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper Symbolism Essay901 Words   |  4 Pages In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† which takes place in the late 1800s, focuses on the first person narrator who is an infatuated woman. The disheartening story concentrates on a woman who is suffering from postpartum depression, and as well had mental breakdowns. The narrators husband John, moves her into a home isolated in the country where he wants her to â€Å"rest† and get better from her illness. During the course of being confined in the room with the wallpaper, she learns new things andRead MoreThe Era Of The Feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman891 Words   |  4 Pagesfeminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman. This was a time when once married the wife became the husband’s property and catered to him, the house and the children. They had the economic power, which women lacked and with that gained all the power and made all the rules. Wives became vulnerable due to this and their lives were totally controlled by their husbands. For many, this resulted in loss of identity. Marriage simply equaled a gentl e kind of slavery. The â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Gilman was based on her experienceRead More Women Being Controlled in The Yellow Wallpaper1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper Today, women have more freedoms than we did in the early nineteenth century. We have the right to vote, seek positions that are normally meant for men, and most of all, the right to use our minds. However, for women in the late 1800’s, they were brought up to be submissive housewives who were not allowed to express their own interests. In the story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a woman is isolated from the world andRead More Imprisonment of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper1439 Words   |  6 PagesImprisonment of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper When asked the question of why she chose to write The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman claimed that experiences in her own life dealing with a nervous condition, then termed melancholia, had prompted her to write the short story as a means to try and save other people from a similar fate. Although she may have suffered from a similar condition to the narrator of her illuminating short story, Gilmans story cannot be coinedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1312 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific meaning, or to bring light to certain issues in real life. The short story titled â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written in 1892 about a woman named Jane who is diagnosed with depression and given a treatment named the â€Å"rest cure.† Charlotte Perkins Gilman created this story based on her experiences with the â€Å"rest cure† and sent it to the creator of the treatment, S. Weir Mitchell, for criticism (Gilman 419). When read, this short sto ry is usually seen through a feminist critical lense, but it can

Role Of Mass Media In Politics Essay Example For Students

Role Of Mass Media In Politics Essay In this discussion I call upon two movies as examples and evidence toexamine the role of mass media in politics. The two movies I will use for thisbasis are The Candidate and All the Presidents Men. Today, the art of governing a society seems to be much dictated orprescribed by what the assemblage of the citizens of the United States say orexpress to the mass media. Thus, the government and politicians listening to and acting upon ourvery wishes and desires. Or looking at this in another point of view; The massmedia relays to us as citizens the news or information about the administrationas conveyed or set forth by the administration as the truth. I believe thatthe majority of the populace would tend to agree more with this second point ofview. The government or politicians of this great country try to appear to havethe semblance of truth or honesty in all of its endeavors. And sometimes it does. However, on occasion within its own discretion,the media investigates and tries to inform us by the televised news, majornewspapers and (large) radio personalities of cover-ups, conspiracies and orwrong doings by our so-called leaders. Are we always told the truth by the massmedia? By the government? By the media speaking for or as directed by thegovernment? Or has the line between truth and lies been so badly blurred inpolitics that we will never know what truly goes on in our political system?The two movies examined, both play in some way on the function of themass media in American politics. We can see how much and how heavily we rely onour televisions, radio shows, newspapers and now the Internet to communicate tous the latest breaking news, political campaigns, slandering, commercials forpoliticians running for office, debates, presidential addresses, cover-ups,conspiracies and information that can take down an entire administration. Thisshows that in all the different aspects of politics that the media plays a verywide, varied and important role in letting us know what is going on. The Candidate tries to unveil how a political campaign for office is run. It tells the story of how an upstart uses the media and available resources inits televised form to try and convey his message and his beliefs to the masspublic on whom he will rely upon to vote and hopefully elect him into office. As we see though, the people or elites who run the campaign, take what thecandidate says and dilute it, dissect it, take it out of context and rearrangehis words into what they think the public wants to hear. We see how elitistdecisions are made as to what we get to see, hear and digest on our own. How dothey know what we want to hear?(Maybe they would if they would go door todoor and take a legitimate poll on the issues and concerns that are the mostimportant to us today.) What we do get to see in this example though, is abehind the scenes look at the candidate and how he differs from his real selfpersonae when not in the public eye and how he is skeptical at a lot of the waysa political campaign is run. All the Presidents Men shares the same theme and ideas as The Candidatein that the main link between the people and the politicians/administration isthe media. This story is based upon how the undying determination of a team oftwo reporters for a major newspaper, The Washington Post go at all costs to getthe truth out in their investigation and uncovering of a major conspiracy in theadministration. The reporters fact finding was hindered quite a few times alongthe way to discover and disclose the truth to the public, but their willingnessand determination to do so brought out the facts and allegations that crippledthe White House. This example shows how the media does play a crucial role inbringing out the truths and realities of what really goes on behind the closeddoors of the politicians who run our country. .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076 , .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076 .postImageUrl , .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076 , .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076:hover , .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076:visited , .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076:active { border:0!important; } .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076:active , .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076 .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5465c9432d150c73ee81062adf5f6076:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer Buying EssayThere are some things that separate these two movies in regard to therole of the media in politics. They differ in the angles at which theyapproach their respective story. For instance in The Candidate, television isthe main means of communication to the public for the fresh upstart and theincumbent running for the office of senator. Television can give almost exactlywhat the two candidates want. Short spots in which they convey their beliefs,ideas and towards the end, slander for one another. Television provides to usup to the minute, flashy, visual, auditory messages and it has proven to be agood way in which to get a certain point across in a specif ied amount of time,for a price. The political role of the media has expanded immensely by means ofthe television set, in what media theorist Marshal Mcluhan called our planetthe global village.1In All the Presidents Men the role that media plays takes a differentnote to reflect the hard hitting sword in the form of the printed word ofnewspapers. Newspapers are very powerful in the sense that they are print, andmost people still believe that what they read is true, instead of takingeverything at face value, gathering together several other sources ofinformation and then making the decision to agree or disagree. So withsubstantial evidence, newspapers can print stories and or allegations that bringabout many stirring revelations, as many citizens get their daily dose of newsby reading the lowdown that is delivered to them right at their front door everymorning. This points out that newspapers are still very much a major player inAmerican and political culture. Looking further into these films we can see that they make someassumptions about us as the mass public. The films themselves assume, thecharacters of the candidates running for office assume, the higher ups assumeand the media also makes these predictions of what the public wants to beexposed to. In a general sense a couple of these at first glance would appearto be that we as a public do not care about some things. As in All thePresidents Men, when the two reporters first started learning of some of thewrong things that were going on in Watergate and they wanted to report on it,their superiors at the newspaper argued that it wasnt news, nobody wants toread about that shit. Why do they predict these things, and what do they basetheir decisions on? Well, I believe that at first they just want to make surethey get the facts straight before diving in and printing some potentiallydamaging evidence, or one could also argue that they do not want to be the onesto diffuse the truth. I n The Candidate at the first banquet the new upstartattends, while giving a speech we can hear the reporter telling the cameraman,OK, shut it off, we got enough. The candidate had not even spoken two orthree complete sentences before being cut off. Maybe a lot of people wanted tohear what he had to say, maybe not. But the media made a curt decision rightthere on the spot to cut short what they would show in their respective newscast. This clearly shows that maybe they are not playing favorites for the incumbent,who got just about any bit of airtime he wanted, but that the media sticks bywhat they know or believe. Always just a little hesitant to jump right in withsomething fresh, until the freshness turns into something tried and true. I offer some more assumptions or predictions that the media tends toappear to have about the citizens who soak up what they give to us every day;First they seem to be under the impression that we (the public) do not care. Ingeneral I would assume that they might think that the majority of the populaceare dimwitted and muddleheaded about the politics that rule this nation. Thatwe are curious and want to know, but we take almost all things conveyed throughthe media as fact and reality, so they can spread just about whatever they wouldlike as the truth. .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb , .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb .postImageUrl , .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb , .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb:hover , .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb:visited , .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb:active { border:0!important; } .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb:active , .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucd6e1d137b6cda48bf144cb1ff4a5bfb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Edmunds Corrugated Parts & Services EssayA good counterpoint to this though is that in this day and age, it isgetting more and more impossible to hide or conceal what is the truth as we arebecoming ever more connected in terms of the Internet. Someone can publish adocument in Yugoslavia about anything and seconds later make it available toanyone with access to a computer and the Internet. Then it could be relayed tothe media as a great top news headline, but the media as always will have thatfinal decision. These assumptions that the media makes in such an ever so lightly wayare very much consistent with what we know. These movies were filmed twentyyears ago, and yet we can still see that they shed some light on the media in away that we can compare them with the media as of today. Everyone is alwayslooking for the latest news, newspapers and TV newscasts are clearly biased inthe news that they report, and still, we do not always get told the truth. In closing, I offer the thought that the media should not be so criticalin what it reports to the population in the world of politics. If we are tocontinue to have the greatest country on the planet, we need to be informed ofall the facts that are readily available about our State Representatives,Senators and Presidents, so that we may make our own intelligent decisions onwho to vote for in our elections when putting these people into office. Itwould be a shame to have to impeach or require a politician or administration tostep down from their position due to some news about wrong doings by them afterthey have been elected to office, especially if the information was availablebut never reported before the election took place. This country was built onhonesty and integrity and hopefully it will continue to prosper with thesevalues, but as in the past deterioration is sometimes inevitable in the bigmoney world of American political system. Category: History

Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) Essays

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) Type of Work: Romantic tragedy Setting Verona, Italy; Fifteenth century Principal Characters Romeo, son of the house of Montague Juliet, daughter of the Capulet household Benvolio, Romeo's cousin Mercutio, Romeo's friend Tybalt, Juliet's cousin Lady Montague, the clan's matriarch Lady Capulet, Juliet's mother Juliet's ribald nurse Friar Lawrence, a Franciscan Monk Story Overveiw For a very long time the Capulets and the Montagues had been feuding. Harsh words often led to violence between the two houses, who were sworn as deadly enemies. Prince Escalus of Verona happened upon one such bloody brawl and angrily pronounced, "If ever you disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace." Shortly after this, Romeo and his cousin Benvolio met on the street, and Romeo sadly confessed his unrequited love for an aloof and indifferent young woman. "[Give] liberty unto thine eyes; Examine other beauties," was Benvolio's curative. But Romeo was unmoved: "Thou canst not teach me to forget." Meanwhile, as Lord Capulet arranged for the marriage of Juliet, his fourteen-year-old daughter, to Paris, a kinsman of the Prince, he advised Paris to woo the girl gently. That night Capulet was to give a party so Paris could meet Juliet. He called a servant to deliver the invitations. Now the servant could not read, so as he walked along he petitioned Romeo and Benvolio to read the guest list to him. In thanks, he told Romeo, "If you be not of the house of Montagues, I pray come and crush a cup a wine." Since Romeo's unreceptive Rosaline was named among the guests, Benvolio urged Romeo to go and find out for himself that Rosaline was a "crow." As Romeo and his friend Mercutio, both wearing masks, searched for Rosaline among the gathering, Romeo's eyes fell upon the exquisite Juliet - and Romeo remembered Rosaline no more: "O, she cloth teach the torches to burn bright! .... Did my heart love till now?" he chimed. However, fier y Tybalt, Capulet's nephew, overheard Romeo pourin 9 out his heart and reported to his uncle that a Montague had invaded their festivity. But Capulet was not alarmed and would have no bloodshed,besides Romeo seemed to be "a virtuous and wellgoverned youth." Romeo approached Juliet offering "my lips, two blushing pilgrims," to which Juliet replied, "Ay, pilgrim, lips that thou must use in prayer." But Romeo at last convinced her to press her lips to his - just before Juliet's Capulet mother called her away. Romeo was stunned by this revelation that the girl was a daughter of his father's enemy, but vowed that not even death would keep him from his true love. The party ended, leaving Romeo outside the Capulet house, gazing up in lovesick rapture at Julict's window. Just then, to his joy, Juliet leaned from her balcony. Romeo whispered: "But soft! What light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun!" As he debated within himself whether to speak to her, she, thinking herself alone, began to pour out her heart: "O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name; or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn mv love, and I'll no longer be a Capulet." Unable to contain himself, Romeo stepped out of the shadows. Though ashamed at her overheard declaration, Juliet reconfirmed her passion, but warned him that if her family discovered him there, he would be killed. Romeo was not alarmed, "For stony limits cannot hold love out." As he swore of his love by the moon, and by his heart, Juliet begged him not to swear at all. Things were happening too fast; the world seemed suddenly brilliant and fragile "like the lightening which cloth cease to be." So, the fragile lovers exchanged vows and agreed to meet the next morning. On his way home, Romeo stopped by the monastery to visit Friar Lawrence. "Our Romeo hath not been in bed to-night," the Friar observed. "I have been feasting with mine enemy," replied the young man...... Plainly know my heart's dear love is set on the fair daughter of rich Capulet ... what thou must combine by holy marriage." The Friar teased Romeo for his fickle nature (only yesterday he had professed undying love for Rosaline), but agreed to perform the marriage, in the hope that"this alliance may so happy prove to turn your households' rancor to pure love." The following morning, Mercutio and Benvolio were worried ly searching for Romeo; Tybalt had sent out a challenge for him to fight. But when the pair finally met up

10 Facts About Military Schools

10 Facts About Military Schools If you are looking at a private school for your son or daughter, military school is one option worth considering, particularly if you are looking for  a boarding school. Here are some facts about military schools to help you make that decision, including a few that may surprise you. There Are Approximately 66 Military Schools in the US There are approximately 66  military schools in the U.S., most of which serve students in grades 9 through 12. However, more than 50 of those military high schools also include junior high, typically grades six, seven and/or eight. A few schools enroll students in younger grades, but the military curriculum doesnt always apply. Most military schools are residential schools, which means students reside on campus, and some schools offer the option of boarding or day.   They Instill Discipline Discipline is the first word which comes to mind when you think of military school. Indeed, discipline is the essence of military schools, but it doesnt always refer to a negative form of discipline. Discipline creates order. Order creates results. Any successful person knows that discipline is one real secret to her success. Put a young, rough around the edges man in a military high school and the transformation will astound you. The structure smooths and refines. The program demands greatness from its participants. This environment is also a place for students looking to engage in advanced studies and leadership opportunities in a rigorous environment. The level of positive discipline prepares them for the rigors of college, careers or military involvement.   Build Character Being a team member, learning to execute orders and sacrificing ones personal needs for the good of the group - these are all character building exercises every good military school teaches its students. Service above self is an integral part of most military schools philosophy. Integrity and honor are core values to which every school commits. Students who attend military school leave with a sense of pride in themselves, their communities and their roles as good citizens of the world.   Selective Admission The idea that anybody can get into military school is simply not true. Military schools set their own individual admission requirements. In most cases, they are looking for young people who want to make something of themselves and succeed in life. Yes, there are some military schools devoted to helping troubled teens turn their lives around, but the majority of military schools are institutions with some of the highest admittance criteria around.   Demanding Academics and Military Training Most military schools offer extensive college preparatory courses as part of their academic curricula. They combine that demanding academic work with rigorous military training so that their graduates are poised to matriculate to college and universities everywhere. Distinguished Graduates The rolls of military schools are filled with distinguished graduates who have gone on to be successes in just about every endeavor you care to name. Not just in military service either. JROTC JROTC or Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps is a Federal program sponsored by the U.S. Army at high schools nationwide. The Air Force, Navy, and Marines offer similar programs. About 50% of JROTC program participants go on to active military service. JROTC provides an introduction to military life and philosophy at the secondary school level. It is an important part of most military schools programs. The instructors are usually retired officers of the armed forces. Leadership Development Developing leaders is at the core of a military schools philosophy. One of the objectives of that kind of training is to develop students leadership skills. Most schools offer carefully designed leadership programs designed to maximize each students fullest potential. A Path to the Service Academies Military schools are often seen as a path to the service academies. And, while it is true that they offer the right sort of training and experience the academies require, parents and students need to bear in mind that nominations to our nations service academies are extremely selective and limited. Only the best of the best get in. Patriotism Patriotism is at the core of military training. The history of our country and how it got to where it is in the 21st century is an important part of what military schools teach as well. Inspiring service to our nation is the mission of a military school. Resource Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States    Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Essay Papers

Essay Papers Essay Papers Every student has to read a lot in order to learn something from others. The apprentice works under the supervision of the master with object to learn his technique as well essay paperswriting requires definite period of training. Initially, it may be that you copy other writers. However, at the end, you should find your own voice at all costs. There are three things necessary to succeed in essay papers writing: talent, hard work, and courage. In our free blog you may find samples of essay on poverty, free Romeo and Juliet essays, as well as essay example on cause of crime. If we talk about talent as an ability to create a new quality, than someone can do more here. However, you, in yourselves, can only develop what was given to you by nature. Therefore, the work depends entirely on us only. To write well is a very difficult exercise. Of course, sometimes happens when the inspiration is upon us, then we just keep the pen in our hand. However, usually essay papers writing is a struggle linked with a sense of discomfort. Essay papers writing require great perseverance. If an author would write only under the influence of inspiration, then the library shelves would be empty. In addition to patience, we still need to have something that, at first, does not seem so obvious, especially when we just start working. It is courage. Why does the writing require courage? Because nobody will write your essay papers instead of you, and it will not be written by itself either. The only way to write essay papers, it is to take pen in hand and write it word by word. Just remember that college essay writer is the one who writes, rather than someone who thinks about it. Working with the Literature You can buy books, magazines, newspapers, etc. on your topic, or read them in the library. Today, the links to online sources are permitted, but one or two books and several articles have to be present in the references and bibliography. Otherwise, your work called penny-a-line.Time of Essay Papers Writing It is advisable to write academic essay with the expectation that it would be ready in advance, a week or several days before delivery. Otherwise, any force-majeure as ended cartridges in the printer, unforeseen cause, and others can damage your nerves and assessment of the essay writing.Hand in the Essay Papers In the evening, before handing assigned essay, you need to reread it a couple times and develop a coherent strategy of defending own point of view as set out in the essay, in case of be questioning by a teacher: Rely on Professional Paper Writing Service If essay papers writing is a challenge for you, try our professional essay papers writing services. Custom paper writing is a reliable service provided by experienced writers who are able to help with the most urgent and the most complicated assignments! if you do not know how to write a term paper or looking for term papers for sale, do not hesitate to order custom essay paper writing service at our site! Read also: Experience Essay Essays on the Intranet Essay Example on Cause of Crime Descriptive Essay Sample Controversial Issue Essay

A Critical Review of Competing on capabilities (George Stalk, Philip Essay

A Critical Review of Competing on capabilities (George Stalk, Philip Evans, Lawrence E. Shulman 1992) - Essay Example Considering these aspects, the essay intends to present a review of the article ‘Competing on capabilities’ by ‘George Stalk’, ‘Philip Evans’, & ‘Lawrence E. The essay critically considers the major strengths and weaknesses of the article and further attempts to compare with the theories propounded by other scholars. The article ‘Competing on capabilities’ by ‘George Stalk’, ‘Philip Evans’ & ‘Lawrence E. Shulman’ specifically describes about the role and importance of business competitiveness on strategic decision making capabilities of companies. Throughout the article, multiple references of Wall Mart have been illustrated in order to establish a suitable alignment of this retail giant with the article’s theme (Shin, 2001; Stalk & et. al., 1992). According to the authors, a business process can only be categorized as capacity-based depending on the types of business strategies espoused by it. The facts mentioned within this article also appeared to have a specific amount of focus on the customer-satisfaction attainment factors. According to the authors, higher level of customer satisfaction can be achieved through the provision of superior quality of services and the price affordability of products offered by the companies (Article Myr iad, 2014; Sorescu & et. al., 2011). Throughout the article, specific emphasis has been laid upon the effective mechanism of replenishing the store inventory on a regular basis as a strategic plan towards establishing strong brand positioning within the minds of the customers (Bressler, 2009; Chadwick & et. al., 2007). Notwithstanding, appropriate implementation of business strategies has always been a debatable factor for the multiple reviewers as well as retail giants. This eventually proves the credibility of this article as being appropriately debatable against the wider perception of the effects business strategy

Prospects and Pitfalls For Foreign Players In Chinas Financial Market Dissertation

Prospects and Pitfalls For Foreign Players In Chinas Financial Market - Dissertation Example The resilience and flexibility demonstrated by the Chinese economy during the Asian financial crisis served as added come-ons to foreign investment, such that by 2005 the foreign funds flowing into China reached $72.4 billion (Kurtenbach, E., 2006). Another built-in attraction is China’s 1.3 billion people, the world’s largest population group in one place, that make for a consumer market unmatched anywhere in size and importance. Since the flags on all economic indicators in China are up, such as on investment, foreign exchange reserves, GNP and GDP, exports, employment and per capita income, these all come down to a strong purchasing power. This rises to dizzying heights as the central bank buys off dollars generated from trade surpluses and from the inflows of foreign direct investment and speculative capital. The country’s export trade continues to grow by 20 percent yearly, while GDP, which currently averages $1 trillion, is programmed to reach $4 trillion i n 2020. All these set the stage for the â€Å"big Chinese growth party† (Schlotthauer, N., 1999) that had actually been jumping early on, involving foreign companies in retail, manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, computers, electronics, office equipment. World players in the financial sector took longer at the gates because of the more delicate nature of the business. Now, as China turns its juggernaut of reform to the development of its financial market, many foreign financial institutions of consequence are casting an interested eye on China.

Learning Preferences Essay Example for Free

Learning Preferences Essay Describe your strongest dimension on the personality spectrum. My strongest dimension on the personality spectrum is a giver (32). Every word on the list of giver describes me. My honesty is probably one my strongest. As I get older and being the mother of two terrific boys, I just feel at this exact moment in my life there is no need to lie. Honesty is the key, but sometimes I feel I am a little too honest and may hurt someone’s feelings, but not intentionally. I just feel â€Å"it is what it is†. I love promoting peace whether it’s a world issue or family. I just think that everyone would be a lot happier in their lives if we can be honest with one another and promote positivity. I hate drama. 2. Describe how each practice activity reinforced or contradicted something about yourself. In the Personality Spectrum Assessment it contradicted me on being a visual learner. In the Multiple Pathways to Learning Assessment it resulted in me being under-developed, but in one of the activities in the Personality Spectrum it said that I was fine in this area. I must say it left me a little baffled, but at the same time I feel my answers can vary to certain situations that can me contradict myself in this case. I feel that I can adapt to different learning environments quite well, just like I’m learning the OLS. This is definitely an contradiction. The Barsch Learning Style Inventory activity made me realize that I am more proficient in the kinesthetic learning style than I am a visual learner. This activity made me think hard and deep about what my learning abilities are and what I thought they were. I definitely love working hands on and encouraging others. I am usually the one that normally starts dishing out ideas first when I am grouped up with others. .

Last hurrah-Character :: essays research papers

Edwin O'Connor's novel The Last Hurrah presents a view of the difficult and hard life of the Irish-American community in Boston of the 1950's. The author uses a number of characterizations to produce themes that relate to the political and social considerations of this era. With a narrative style that holds the reader's interest, O'Connor leads you through the streets and alleys of the old city, giving you a brief look at old-time city politics. He does this through Frank Skeffington who is the main character. One of the characters O’Connor used to make his point is John Gorman. John Gorman is quiet and somber. Gorman's dedication to social structures and concern for religion and the family differ from the ideas represented by the candidate and the corrupt political leader. When talking with Gorman at a party, Molly Riordan presents her view of Frank Skeffington, and is met with Gorman's skeptical response. Molly says, â€Å"He's the best of them all, John, God love him. There's not a night goes by I don't say a little prayer for him.†(O’Connor 85). Gorman's response is a simple non-committal comment about the party and skeptically attempts to avoid demonstrating any commitment to Molly's remarks.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Gorman and Skeffington have a close association, there is no determination of any loyalty that exists from Gorman's view. He is not dedicated to the cause of Skeffington's election, although that is a primary aspect of many of his interactions. Gorman's odd sense of humor also adds to his presentation of disbelief in regard s to Skeffington. When discussing the topic of campaign issues that came up between Skeffington and his nephew, the nephew acknowledges that the topic did come up whenever they were together. Gorham's response, intended to bring up religious symbolism as well as humor, which was, â€Å" Ah well, that's natural enough, If you met the Pope, you'd talk about religion. (O’ Connor 192). O'Connor's book is powerful because of its complexity of levels. There is a defined consideration for the plot and characterizations, but O'Connor does not stop at this.

Kurt Vonnegut Essay

Kurt Vonnegut’s novel, Slaughterhouse – Five appeared on the list of Time magazine’s 100 all time best English language novels since 1923. Written in 1969, this novel is considered a classic and is also known as one of his best works. Slaughterhouse -Five spans the different time periods of the life of Billy Pilgrim, the protagonist. Vonnegut witnessed the Bombing of Dresden in World War II, and this novel portrays the aftermath of the war. Vonnegut uses time travel as the plot device to portray human conditions from an unusual perspective. He was a prisoner in the Battle of Bulge in December 1944; in Dresden, Germany as a battalion scout. In all likelihood, the bombing of Dresden saved him from being sent to the Auschwitz gas chambers. Vonnegut was among the few survivors that were taken as prisoners to a slaughterhouse during the war and he worked in a meat-locker under this slaughterhouse, making diet supplements for pregnant women . The title refers to the slaughterhouse where Billy stayed as the prisoner of war. Vonnegut combines science fiction elements along with human conditions in the aftermath of the Dresden bombing, to drive the point. Slaughterhouse-Five is the story of a man Billy Pilgrim who has â€Å"come unstuck in time†. This term refers to his surviving a plane crash where he suffers a minor brain damage. Vonnegut has created a satire on fatalism. He believes that no matter how distressing the situation of a man is; he has the power to create his own reality through the sheer power of imagination. Billy Pilgrim experiences different time periods of his life especially his experiences of the World War II. The seemingly random happening of his life structures the thematic elements of the novel in an unraveling order. The novel examines many events in Billy’s life. This includes the death of his wife, his capture by the Nazis in World War II, and the unfortunate bombing of Dresden, which also became the inspiration of this book. The major theme comprises of the narrative that depicts Billy’s difficult times in Dresden, the secondary theme that runs through is his easy and affluent life as an optometrist in the city of Illium, New York, which is a fictional stand-in for Troy, New York, the city of Schenectady, New York. This is the place where Vonnegut has based most of his novels. The fiction runs parallel to the story of Vonnegut’s own transition from the depressing years of 1930’s, which was also the time period when ‘The Great Depression’ occurred, to a well to do existence that followed. The satirical essence of the novel is portrayed by the repetitive phrase, â€Å"so it goes† which Vonnegut uses to describe death and dying; whether it is of man, animal or the bubbles of champagne. He uses it to downplay the fact of ‘mortality’; making it sound humorous and routine. Some would say that his writings are creepy, but the fact is that he wrote beautiful, bizarre and horrifying novels replete with dark humor, and that set him apart as a unique writer. In Slaughterhouse –Five he uses words and phrases such as, â€Å"mustard gas† and â€Å"roses† to describe the rotting smell of a corpse, and the breath of an alcoholic. This novel explores the idea of fate, freewill and illogical nature of human beings. In the first chapter the narrator apologizes about the fact that the novel is so â€Å"short and jumbled and jangled† and then goes on to explain the fact that there is nothing intelligent to say about a massacre. The satirical tone and the dark humor is the alibi, which he uses to describe the horrific aftermath of bombings and war in general. There are three themes that he uses in Slaughterhouse –Five. The first and foremost theme is the- War. He writes about the contrasts of war; which is love, beauty, humanity, innocence, humor etc. In Slaughterhouse –Five just like his many previous novels, he says that war is bad for us and it is better to love one another and live in peace, than have wars. However, she doesn’t use love as the contrast of war, since Billy Pilgrim was not shown as a man who is madly in love with his wife. Yet he chose to depict it in a light yet effective manner. An interesting contrast Vonnegut uses in his novels are differences between the characteristics of men and women. Men are shown as cruel and ready to he engage in war any time, and the females are the shields, playing the shock absorber’s effect capably, as they are always engaged in trying to dissuade men from getting into wars. Women in Vonnegut’s novels are more humane, loving and have strong wills. The most compelling theme is that we as people are like bugs trapped in an amber and there are no â€Å"whys â€Å" to it. In a sequence in the novel, when Billy is trapped in Tralfamadorin Flying Saucer he asks, â€Å"Why me? † â€Å"†¦. Why you? Why us for that matter? Why anything? Because this moment simply is . Have you ever seen bugs trapped in amber? † Billy was asked, and he recalls that he in fact had a paperweight in his office, which was a blob of polished amber with three ladybugs trapped inside it. Billy answers in affirmation and he is told: â€Å" Well, here we are, Mr. Pilgrim, trapped in the amber of this moment. There is no why. † (ibid pg. 76-77). This extraterrestrial experience of Billy is symbolic of the fact that we are physically stuck in this world with no choice over our circumstances. In Vonnegut’s novels there are no set themes or plot that follows the story of heroes, heroines or villains. As Ernest W. Ranly says that all the characters in Vonnegut’s books are â€Å"comic, pathetic pieces, juggled about by some inexplicable faith, like puppets. † (Riley, 1974, pg. 54). Vonnegut himself says in his book Hocus Pocus that if there is no one to take the blame for the bad happenings in the book, it can only mean that the villain is God Himself; â€Å" or Herself or Itself or Whatever† (Vonnegut, Hocus Pocus, 1990). Another significant theme is that there is no soldier, only man. Being a soldier is a myth as a soldier is just a puppet of war used to do as the war demands. He doesn’t remain a human being anymore. Vonnegut expresses this thought most noticeably in this extract from the novel from the time when Billy was imprisoned in Dresden. When the three fools found the communal kitchen, whose main job was to make lunch for workers in the slaughterhouse, everybody had been waiting for them impatiently. She was a war widow. So it goes. She asked Gluck if he wasn’t awfully young to be in the army. He admitted he was. She asked Billy Pilgrim what he was supposed to be. Billy said he didn’t know. He was trying to keep warm. â€Å"All the real soldier are dead. † She said. It was true. So it goes. (Vonnegut 1969. Pg. 159). Another obvious theme is that death is inevitable. It also goes on to explain that life goes on, no matter what happens and who dies. The phrase â€Å"so it goes† occurs one hundred and six times throughout the novel; it happens every time someone dies, to take away the seriousness of death and impart a humorous quality to its inevitable graveness. This book has different meanings for different people, as everyone would be likely to interpret its subtle messages in their own way. The point that Vonnegut wanted to make was that no matter what happens , we should retain our humanity.

“The Fall of the House of Usher” and “The Yellow Wallpaper”: A Comparison Introduction

Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has received wide praise for its accurate depiction of madness and the symptoms attributed to mental breakdowns (Shumaker 1985). While these symptoms may seem obvious from today’s psychological perspective, Gilman was writing at the close of the 19th century when the discipline of psychology was still emerging out of a rudimentary psychiatric approach to treating the mentally ill.Though doctors have attempted to write about the treatment of insanity since ancient Greece, the history of madness has most often been characterized by a series of popular images, images that may have stunted the development of a medical model of mental illness: as a wild irrationality, an imaginative and corrupt gothic horror, a violent cruelty that must be confined in asylums, and lastly as a mere nervous disorder.The critic Annette Kolodny suggests that contemporary readers of Gilman’s story most likely learned how to foll ow her fictional representation of mental breakdown by reading the earlier stories of Edgar Allen Poe (Shumaker 1985), and indeed we can locate these strata of historical representations in both â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.†But where Poe’s depictions seem to confirm negative – and thus not therapeutically useful – stereotypes of madness, Gilman tempers her representations through the emerging psychological model, which allowed her to articulate a new image anticipating the 20th century hope of curing mental diseases through psychological expression. Background Gilman’s story depicts the mental collapse of a late 19th century housewife undergoing the Rest Cure, who grows increasingly obsessed with a disturbing wallpaper pattern.It has been suggested that contemporary readers would have read the story as either a Poe-like study of madness, yet most modern critics focus on a feminist reading in which the wallpaper intentionally represents the â€Å"oppressive patriarchal social system† (Thrailkill 2002). Jane Thrailkill, in her essay about the psychological implications of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† argues that this feminist reading may actually block the work done by the story to shift 19th century medical conventions surrounding mental illness (Thrailkill 2002).Gilman stated that everything she wrote was for a purpose beyond mere literary entertainment, and that â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written in order to highlight the dangers of certain medical practices, particularly to convince Weir Mitchell to change the method of his Rest Cure for nervous ailments (which Gilman herself had unsuccessfully undergone) (Shumaker 1985, Thrailkill 2002).In Gilman’s words, the story was, â€Å"†¦intended†¦ to save people from going crazy, and it worked† (Thrailkill 2002). Like Gilman, Poe may also have suffered from mental illness, but following the concerns of his historical moment, Poe seems to have been more interested in the construction of aesthetic effects instead of how those effects might change social and scientific perspectives.The only mention of a cure in Poe’s tale is the â€Å"vague hope† that reading a book will relieve excitement (Poe 2003). Nonetheless, Gilman’s methods of representing madness clearly derive from Poe; they both use an â€Å"inspired manic voice,† unnamed narrators, nervous characters with no diagnosable illness, a rebellious foregrounding of the imagination, and a haunting mood with rational design that has been considered Poe’s signature style (Davison 2004).Published sixty years earlier, Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† in particular seems to anticipate â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in its manor setting and mad characterizations, and thus can serve as an opening point from which to trace the 19th century trans itions in cultural and scientific representations of madness that culminate in Gilman’s tale. Analysis In â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† an unnamed narrator, visiting his old friend Roderick Usher, attempts to describe Roderick’s madness through both external and internal signs of irrationality.Most immediately, Roderick’s hair is described as â€Å"wild† and of â€Å"Arabesque expression,† which the narrator is unable to connect â€Å"with any simple idea of humanity† (Poe 2003). Similarly, Roderick’s manner strikes the narrator with â€Å"an incoherence – an inconsistency,† and his voice is compared to that of â€Å"the lost drunkard, or the irreclaimable eater of opium† (Poe 2003), all of which mark his social difference as not understandable.After the entombment of his sister, Roderick’s external madness intensifies: he roams with â€Å"unequal, and objectless step,† has a â€Å"m ore ghastly hue† of face, a â€Å"species of mad hilarity in his eyes,† a â€Å"restrained hysteria in his whole demeanor,† and speaks in a â€Å"gibbering murmur† (Poe 2003). But all of these are, as the narrator puts it, â€Å"the mere inexplicable vagaries of madness† (Poe 2003). When it comes to representing the internal process of mental breakdown, Poe (at least in this story) still only describes Roderick’s irrationality from an external and stereotypical position.Roderick describes his condition as a â€Å"deplorable folly† that will force him to â€Å"abandon life and reason,† he is â€Å"enchained by certain superstitious impressions,† and suffers from â€Å"melancholy† and â€Å"hypochondria† (two terms associated with earlier misunderstandings of madness) (Poe 2003). The only time we see the irrational thought process represented is in Roderick’s monologue about entombing his sister alive, which uses dashes, italics, and capitalization to indicate a nervous desperation, as in Poe’s â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†.In contrast, Gilman drops almost all of these external and stereotypical descriptions of madness in her story, focusing instead on a faithful rendition of irrational thought processes, in particular the narrator’s growing obsession with the yellow wallpaper. Early in the story, the narrator declares that she’s fond of her room, â€Å"all but that horrid wallpaper,† but within a few pages this statement is turned around; the narrator becomes fond of the room â€Å"perhaps because of the wallpaper.It dwells in my mind so† (236). The wallpaper gradually takes over the narrator’s thought process, breaking into other observations without transition, as when the narrator looks out her window and sees â€Å"a lovely country, full of great elms and velvet meadows. This wallpaper has a kind of sub-pattern†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (235 ). Eventually she â€Å"follows that pattern about by the hour† until there are few passages in the text that are not about the wallpaper (238).As her obsession grows, the narrator becomes paranoid that her husband and stepsister are â€Å"secretly effected by it,† and she’s thus â€Å"determined that nobody shall find [the pattern] out but myself† (239). Despite her original loathing of the wallpaper pattern, by the end of the story the narrator’s obsession is so consuming that she claims, â€Å"I don’t want to leave until I have found it out† (240). Instead of being directly told that the narrator is enchained by her impressions like Roderick Usher, we are more realistically shown those irrational impressions at work in the  mind.Another method for representing irrationality is to cast it against a more rational perspective, which both these stories do. Poe’s narrator, for instance, claims to rationally explain away the oth erwise inexplicable events of â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† while documenting Roderick’s breakdown (Gruesser 2004). The house’s peculiar atmosphere â€Å"must have been a dream;† his nervousness is â€Å"due to the bewildering influence of the gloomy furniture;† the storm is â€Å"merely an electrical phenomena† (Poe 2003).And yet the uncertainty of events displayed in this narrative unreliability suggests that the narrator might himself be going mad. After describing Roderick’s wild appearance, the narrator says, â€Å"it was no wonder that his condition terrified – that it effected me,† and begins to feel â€Å"the wild influences of [Roderick’s] own fantastic yet impressive superstitions† (Poe 2003). This inability to rely on his own perceptions causes the narrator to flee aghast when the house collapses, where a more rational or unaffected person might first summon the servants or police (Gruess er 2004).According to John Gruesser, the challenge in Poe’s use of unreliability is that he sets reason in opposition to the supernatural, straddling the Gothic/Fantastic genre where supernatural events are more likely than their rational explanations. This supernatural possibility seems to lessen the question of whether madmen are always delusional or can speak the truth, which becomes central for Gilman’s story. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† also uses a rational perspective in the character of her husband and physician John, who is â€Å"practical in the extreme.He has no patience with faith, an intense horror of superstition† (235). Not only does John explain away the unsettling nature of the house as a draught, but he also attempts to explain away the narrator’s mental illness, calling it â€Å"a temporary nervous depression – a slight hysterical tendency† (234). As we will see, this explanation of madness as merely nerves will beco me a large concern for 19th century discussions on mental illness, and as such comes off as far more scientifically realistic than explaining madness through the supernatural.Gilman also has her narrator attempt to rationalize her own madness, beginning the story with her claim of being â€Å"ordinary people,† and continuing this attempt to rationalize even through her mental deterioration: â€Å"it is getting to be a great effort for me to think straight. Just this nervous weakness I suppose† (238). While this use of unreliable explanations is similar to Poe’s, it reads as more realistic because Gilman frames her story in a way that denies the Gothic discourse of supernatural explanations.Despite its eventual medical ineffectuality, the label of â€Å"nerves† is one of the clearest literary representations of madness attempting to explain or deny its mental character. â€Å"True! – nervous – very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; † claims the narrator of Poe’s â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† â€Å"but why will you say that I am mad? † (Poe 2003). The Usher family madness in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† is likewise coded; Roderick attempts to pass off their â€Å"constitutional and†¦ family evil† as a â€Å"mere nervous affection† (Poe 2003).He has an excessive â€Å"nervous agitation†¦ and acute bodily illness,† and â€Å"a morbid acuteness of the senses† that makes most food, garments, odors, light, and sounds intolerable (Poe 2003). Madeline is diagnosed with a â€Å"settled apathy, a gradual wasting away,† because whatever is actually wrong with her â€Å"long baffled the skill of her physicians† (Poe 2003). Whether or not these characters are actually mad, one gets the feeling that the word â€Å"nerves† is used by Poe to explain or make legible the Usher family condition for the mid-19th century reader, ind icating that it may be a biological rather than moral or supernatural disorder.The narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† also articulates her condition as nervousness, but within the late-19th century occlusion of madness as merely nerves, this term seems to indicate less an explanation as much as an excuse or denial of any deeper mental problem. As the narrator says in what is easily read as a flippant tone, â€Å"I never used to be so sensitive, I think it is due to this nervous condition,† and â€Å"of course it is only nervousness† that causes her actions to require a greater effort (235).Though her husband has told the narrator that her nervous case is not serious, she expresses a new dissatisfaction with this diagnoses; â€Å"these nervous troubles are dreadfully depressing† (236). This almost ironic but clearly critical representation of nervous disorders marks a break from Poe’s story, but even more importantly indicates the struggle Gilm an went through in her own life against the American medical industry’s changing view of mental illnesses.Though â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written to specifically address the Rest Cure, as Thrailkill suggests, the story helped shift the medical paradigm from looking at the patient’s body to listening to their words (Thrailkill 2003). The story is permeated with this desire to talk beyond the traditional psychiatric model: not only is the narrator forbidden to write, but her physician husband only sees her physical improvements of â€Å"flesh and color,† paternally dismissing any of her objections (240).To write, however, is the one thing the narrator consistently feels would make her well; it is a relief to â€Å"say what I feel and think†. Thrailkill offers a reading that Gilman’s narrator at first emulates Mitchell’s physiological approach in looking at the wallpaper, which then shifts to the articulation of a narrative surrou nding the woman in the paper, essentially equating the narrator to a medical text (Thrailkill 2003).We do not need to stretch so far however, as the story is already framed as a diary or journal, that is, it claims to be the expression of a person’s actual experience. Though the narrator has difficulty writing, she continues to write, honestly detailing the thoughts, feelings, and visions attending her mental breakdown in a manner that anticipates the 20th century psychological recognition that madness contains a truthful lucidity (Davison 2004).A mentally unstable person’s journal thus represents exactly the kind of â€Å"irrelevant story† that can cure, and which any sympathetic reader can understand as a valid psychological experience of someone who is no longer seen as socially other or â€Å"mad, bad, and dangerous. † Consequently, while Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† comes off as simply an entertaining story about some ste reotypical madmen, Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is ultimately a psychologically real portrayal of the subjective experience of someone going mad.

Domestic Violence In The Book Of David Social Work Essays

Domestic Violence In The Book Of David Social Work Essays Domestic Violence In The Book Of David Social Work Essay Domestic Violence In The Book Of David Social Work Essay 1. In the Book of David by Richard Gelles, there were four state of affairss in which David s instance fell through the clefts of the societal public assistance system. The first cleft was household saving. They did more to maintain the household together than to assist the kid instances like his happens because of household saving policies. The societal workers and tribunal system interpreted sensible attempts to intend perfectly all attempts. The societal workers had to make whatever possible to set childs back, even when it meant seting the kid s life in danger. Furthermore, Gelles was seeking to convey that household saving policies did more excessively wounded kids than assist them. Harmonizing to Gelles the basic defect in the kid public assistance system is that it has two contradictory ends: protecting kids and continuing households . The 2nd cleft in the instance dealt with two anon. calls saying David was being abused. However, they were overlooked and he remained wit h his parents. The calls were made to the CANT Hotline stating David Edwards was pale and scraggy and had acquired a chipped cubitus. The company besides stated that the parents were violent and how an older kid was removed from the place because of physical maltreatment. Furthermore, there were no place visits, no follow-up, or any monitoring of David Edwards. About six hebdomads subsequently, another call was made to the Hotline stating that David was neglecting . Furthermore, it was suggested that picket and skinny or an hurt to the cubitus did non connote he was in pending danger. Besides, the beginning of an anon. company is normally considered the least dependable of all beginnings. The 3rd cleft in the instance was because of David s physician Mr. Tanner. The first two visits after David was born were instead good. He seemed healthy and he was deriving weight like normal. However, the 3rd visit there was important intuitions of an unhealthy babe. David was less than twelve lbs which means he lost a whole lb which is unusual at this phase. It is normally considered a failure to boom which is a signifier of disregard. However, Dr. Tanner thought possibly the weight recorded in the 2nd visit was an mistake. In add-on, Darlene s depression was a noteworthy early warning mark every bit good. She would state Dr. Tanner how she felt trapped at place all twenty-four hours with David. However, he did non hold adequate information to justify an intercession. As the visits continued, David s weight fluctuated which was non normal for a babe. During the 8th visit, Dr. Tanner observed a contusion that was little on the upper arm of David but nil else on his organic structure. The following month he noticed new Markss. They were little every bit good and David now has some little broken blood vass on his left forearm. Darlene had no accounts to where they came from. Last, although Dr. Tanner was concerned and scheduled a visit in two hebdomads he suggested they wer e normal bumps and contusions that childs get. The last and the worst cleft in this instance were non sing past behaviour of the Edwards household. After the anon. calls, a instance worker was assigned to David Edwards. The social worker assigned to his instance was non trained really good and were likely the chief cause of David s decease. The first social worker was Justine Peters who was assigned to the instance three yearss after the 2nd anon. call. She was cognizant that the Edwards household was an unfastened instance and had cognition of Marie. However, harmonizing to Gelles, she claimed she did non desire any information to interfere with an nonsubjective probe . This determination was critical on her portion because she was go forthing out the construct of past behaviour. Not to reference, she had some concern about David but neer told Dr. Tanner about Marie so he was unaware of the history of maltreatment in the Edwards household. Finally, after everything that Justine k nows, she did non believe David should be taken away from his parents. 2. The exclusive intent of reuniting the household is to assist maintain the kid place with the household instead than traveling them to further places. It is really debatable to reunite them after a suspected or documented incident of maltreatment for many grounds. There are so many instances because the definition of maltreatment and disregard are so obscure that every small thing can be considered maltreatment or disregard. Therefore, the kids and their households who need aids are non being recognized or taken attention of. False claims are go forthing bureaus with limited resources and kids being overlooked because they are non acquiring to their instance quick sufficiency or at all. In add-on, the instance worker needs to come up with a sensible attempt to offer household services. However, with the immense instance tonss, the social worker can and will non run into their agenda assignments. For this, the kid and the parents do non acquire the aid they need. Therefore, being ab le to better the preparation of kid public assistance social workers should be put in drama. Another job is that the kid public assistance system is household focused instead than child focussed. Since the childs are so immature and can non state us what happened or support themselves, the rights of the parents have greater weight. It is besides hard to protect kids from those opprobrious parents. Not everyone wants to alter the manner they are. These parents may non even think they did anything incorrect. For this, they may be hesitating to any sort of remedy and be even more violent for non being able to see their kid. On the other manus, they may seek to alter themselves but backsliding and travel into the same form. No social worker or individual in the universe can do person alteration when they do nt desire to. I wholly agree with Gelles that reuniting households is debatable every bit good as protecting kids from their opprobrious parents. Bing able to seek to reunite is a good thought in itself but non everyone is unfastened to alter. Abusive behaviour can be something that is from the yesteryear or something familial and for this it can non be changed. In the instance of Marie and Edward, Darlene abused Marie and she still continued to make it to Edward. Darlene was non receptive to alter and nil was traveling to alter her behaviour. Yes, doing the attempt is ever a good thing to reunite the household. However, if there are no alterations or any nexus of a opportunity for alteration so the kid should non be with the parents. The kid public assistance system needs to be more child-centered instead than family-centered. If it was, kids could be available for acceptance much earlier in their lives when they need to be loved and nurtured before they been hurt or go on to be hurt. 3. There are five phases of alteration a individual can travel through. The first phase consists of a individual non seeing their behaviours as a job and for that they do non necessitate to alter. The 2nd phase is where the individual or individuals recognize that yes there is a job and see altering but do non yet do it. The 3rd phase is where they decide to alter their behaviours and take small stairss to fix for the 4th phase. That is where the individual has changed and put actions to their ideas in the 2nd phase. They are now taking to partake in new activities every bit good as developing new accomplishments and attacks. The 5th phase is when the individual has clearly engaged in their new behaviour for awhile and is committed to keep it. Harmonizing to Gelles, many social workers say they do all they can to supply their aid but the households do non look to alter. This is because they are non developing a technique to fit the alteration with the hazard rating. This is why Gelles says that intercessions can work merely if they are matched to a client s phase of alteration . If the social worker is unsure of the alteration in behaviours during the rating they will neer detect anything. For illustration, when one of the social workers in David s instance was seeking to supply services to the household Edward would maintain refusing and stating they were non traveling to take David off. However, they ever gave in which would do them portion of the 2nd phase where the individual recognizes a jobs and considers to alter. Nevertheless, the household neer goes beyond that phase and makes any attempt or stairss to really make something. 4. Child maltreatment and disregard are non limited to a certain faith or race or ethnicity or economic position. Child maltreatment and neglect happens to any type of child hapless or rich, black or white. One of the most of import actions of a province authorities is how it cares for its kids. Furthermore, Virginia high spots parental outreach and instruction every bit good as protection for abused kids. Furthermore, there are five types of maltreatment that are recognized by Virginia: physical, sexual, emotional, neglect and substance-exposed neonates. Virginia takes on many actions to care for the kid every bit good as the household involved in any of these behaviours. The province of Virginia is both household and kid focused for many grounds. First off there is CPS who identify and supply services to protect the kids and continue the households and forestall farther ill-treatment. They besides maintain a database of all the kids and households that were provided services for. This is good for the kids, because it helps the kid from acquiring farther maltreated. In add-on, since the household is in the database already, if they have another kid they can be watched over and evaluated unlike the David and Marie instances. Besides for kids they have acceptance and Foster attention bureaus. Virginia has many types of acceptance and each of them the parent s rights are terminated. This is really good for the kid because they wo nt be abused any longer by the parents. The parent would besides non be able to happen them and seek to ache them. On the other manus, if they are non put into an acceptance bureau, Virginia has two types of licensed residential installations for kids. The first type is the kid lovingness establishments where kids can populate but the financess are through parents or legal defenders. Opposed to that, there are the kids s residential installations. They provide 24 hr attention of the kids placed there through household ratings. Therefore, the legal defender or parents sign off on this through a comprehensive service act. Last, the concluding service they have for kids is services for older young person. This fundamentally assists childs who were in surrogate attention from ages fourteen to 21 to develop the necessary accomplishments to be independent outside Foster attention. It to boot gives instruction chances such as college grants and tuition payments. Second, there are the family-oriented services by the province of Virginia. The Virginia Child and Family Services Plan is a program dedicated to maintaining the household together. Virginia made this program to increase lasting household relationships for the kids. The footing of the service besides centers on holding the kid achieve their greatest prospective. The households that are involved get encouraged to give support to their kids. The Virginia kid and household service is household focused in every manner. They want to maintain the kids with their households every bit good as aid the household to desire to alter and be better for their kids. Virginia besides has household battle plans which keep the household every bit involved as possible in the kid or kids s lives. The major end is to do the parents spouses to the system. The parents should be involved in everything that trades with their kids in order to continue the households. The kids should cognize who their parents a re and see how much they are seeking to be in their lives as they grow up. Some people can see this as a good plan because it could perchance cut down the figure of households that have their kid removed from their place. Furthermore, it besides decreases the sum of clip of a kid be out of the place at such a immature age. Last, Virginia has a promoting safe and stable households plan. The intent of this plan is to forestall unneeded separation of kids and their households from their places. Another end to this program is to better services and attention towards the household and give the kid a lasting place with their parents or any other lasting life agreement through acceptance and so on. All in all, the province of Virginia is both family-focused every bit good as child-centered. They have plans that fit both thoughts and the plans seem as if they are really successful. Even with the family-focused plans, if they do non see a alteration they will make something for the kid instead than go on and go on until they see a alteration so that the kid can remain with the household. I feel that Virginia is in a good way with the plans they have made. 5. The intent of mandated coverage is to fundamentally place suspected maltreatment and disregard in kids every bit shortly as possible. As a consequence, they can be protected from extra hurt. Mandated newsmans play an extremely critical function in forestalling future injury to a kid. This is because kid protective services can non move until a study is made and sent. Additionally, some provinces think that since childs come in contact with so many grownups that they all should be a mandated newsman. However, in other provinces such as Virginia, it is a more confined list of people. Some of these people are: 1 ) instructors or anyone employed in a public or private school 2 ) societal workers 3 ) nurses 4 ) probation officers 5 ) mental wellness professionals 6 ) any individual licensed to pattern medicate 7 ) jurisprudence enforcement officers 8 ) infirmary occupants or housemans 9 ) professional staff individuals employed by a private organisation responsible for the attention, d etention and control of kids and in conclusion 10 ) any individual over 18 that has had preparation by societal services to acknowledge and describe kid maltreatment and disregard. Harmonizing to the Virginia Welfare web site there is a procedure that takes topographic point when a compulsory newsman studies a suspected instance of kid maltreatment or disregard. In the province of Virginia, the studies are made to the local section of societal services or to the kid maltreatment hotline. This province makes it clear that the studies should be made instantly after the first intuition. Either manner even if it could perchance be incorrect, a subdivision of the Virginia codification protects newsmans liability. However, they are non protected if it is proven they had a malicious purpose for describing a certain individual and kid. After the study is made, the staff of kid protective services reads it and determined whether is meets the legal definition of kid maltreatment or disregard. Consequently, if it does run into the legal definition so CPS has the power and duty to execute an probe or household rating. Last, the individual who does the coverage must supply as much information as possible to CPS. They are required to provide the name, reference or location of the individual who is suspected of being abused. The newsman must besides give every bit much information as perchance on the opprobrious state of affairs. Furthermore, there are legal effects in the province of Virginia for the failure to describe suspected maltreatment of a kid. They can be charged with a misdemeanour and be fined if they are found guilty. The mulct is up to five-hundred dollars for the first incident on a individual. However, the monetary value ranges from a hundred to one-thousand dollars for any undermentioned incidents. It is besides stated that if you unsure whether to describe or non, you should speak to societal services or the maltreatment hotline for counsel and aid. Last, it is non mentioned if there was anyone in particular who is exempt from describing child ill-treatment. The province of Virginia lists a clear cut list of people who can describe and anyone out of that list is exempt. 6. Harmonizing to the book Sentinals are people who are lawfully responsible for placing instances of suspected kid maltreatment and disregard and describing them to province bureaus for probe . It is highly time-consuming, dearly-won, requires tonss of engineering and preparation. The bad portion is that resources are finite and half the instances will non be looked at and those childs will maintain acquiring abused. Besides, the professionals who are supposed to be identifying instances are non making so for many grounds. Most of the clip, they believes that the evident was non sufficient plenty to do a study. They besides said that they would experience uncomfortable coming in contact with the household after they file an maltreatment study. Third off, registering a study and traveling for interviews would do them look bad every bit good as take up excessively much of their clip. Not to advert, they feared cases would come in their way if their study turned false even in good re ligion. Last, all of this means that the coverage of kid maltreatment is highly underreported. I agree with this chiefly because the definitions of what people consider maltreatment and disregard are really bleary. Everyone thinks they are so clear cut that any small grade on a kid could be abuse. Consequently, every bit much as there is underreporting of kid maltreatment, there are over coverage every bit good. Childs are childs and fall down all the clip. It is really hard to turn out instances if it s knowing or it was nt. Not to advert, there are many false coverage and hyperbole in some instances that are non every bit bad as 1s that are being overlooked. Compulsory coverage can come from reasonably much anyone a kid comes in contact with. Therefore, non everyone knows how to find what maltreatment is and what is non. This is a major job and compulsory coverage should merely non be extended to a batch of people in the kid s life. I would non state to get rid of it chiefly because the parents are non traveling to turn themselves in. However, physicians and professionals sh ould truly acquire their act together and thing of the kids instead than themselves. Possibly they should hold categories on kid maltreatment and how people of their sort are turning the other cheek and aching guiltless kids because of their deficiency of lovingness.

Creating an Effective Tardy Policy

Creating an Effective Tardy Policy As a teacher, you are sure to face the issue of students who are tardy to class. The most effective way to stop tardies is through the implementation of a school-wide tardy policy that is strictly enforced. While many schools do have this, many more do not. If you are lucky enough to teach in a school with a system that is strictly enforced than congratulations- that is awesome. You will simply need to make sure that you follow through as required by the policy. If you are not quite as lucky, you will need to create a system that is easy to enforce yet effective against tardies. Following are some methods that teachers have used which you might want to consider as you create your own tardy policy. Realize, however, that you must create an effective, enforceable policy or you will eventually be faced with a tardy problem in your classroom. Tardy Cards Tardy Cards are basically cards given to each student with space for a specific number of free tardies. For example, a student might be allowed three per semester. When the student is late, the teacher marks off one of the spots. Once the tardy card is full, then you would follow your own discipline plan or the schools tardy policy (e.g., write a referral, send to detention, etc.). On the other hand, if the student gets through a semester without any tardies, then you would create a reward. For example, you might give this student a homework pass. While this system is most effective when implemented schoolwide, it can be effective for the individual teacher if strictly enforced. On Time Quizzes These are unannounced quizzes that take place as soon as the bell rings. Students who are tardy would receive a zero. They should be very short, typically five questions. If you choose to use these, make sure that your administration allows this. You can choose to have the quizzes count as a single grade over the course of the semester or possibly as extra credit. However, make sure that you announce the system in the very beginning and that you start using them right away. There is a chance that a teacher could start using these to specifically punish one or a few students- not giving them unless those students are tardy. To be fair make sure that you randomly place them on your lesson plan calendar and give them on those days. You can increase the quantity if you find that tardies are becoming more of a problem over the year. Detention for Tardy Students This option makes logical sense- if a student is tardy then they owe you that time. You would want to give your students a certain number of chances (1-3) before instituting this. However, there are some considerations here: Some students might have no transportation other than the school bus. Further, you do have an additional commitment on your part. Finally, realize that some students who are tardy might be those who are not necessarily the best-behaved. You will be required to spend extra time with them after school. Locking Students Out This is not a recommended means for dealing with tardies. You must consider your liability for student safety. If something happens to a student while locked out of your class, it would still be your responsibility. Since in many areas tardies do not excuse students from work, you will have to get them their make-up work which would, in the end, require more of your time. Tardiness is a problem that needs to be dealt with head-on. As a teacher, do not allow students to get by with being tardy early in the year or the problem will escalate. Talk with your fellow teachers and find out what works for them. Each school has a different atmosphere and what works with one group of students might not be as effective with another. Try one of the listed methods or another method and if it is not working do not be afraid to switch. However, just remember that your tardy policy is only as effective as you are in enforcing it.

Organizational Change, Values and Leadership Research Paper

Organizational Change, Values and Leadership - Research Paper Example Organizational change is often necessary to improve the performance of an organization or part of the organization (McNamara, n.d). Organizational values are acceptable beliefs, principles, and practices that govern behavior and actions of employees in an organization (The Teal Trust, n.d; Sources of Insight, 2007). On the hand, leadership is a scenario in which one individual exercises influence over the roles and operations of other individuals with the aim of achieving a common goal (Northouse, 2009). A strong connection exists between organizational change, values, and leadership. Vision and leadership are essential for successful change while change should be considered a core organizational value (Durant, 1999). Current Organizational Issues Organizations face certain issues that may pose challenges to their operations. Change is one of the current issues encountered in organizations. In the event that these organizational changes are encountered, there is need for the companie s to strive to adapt their employees to the new organizational requirements. A change in the organization’s policy, vision, or mission may cause certain challenges to the employees, who in turn must be ready to execute the changes. An organizational change may often lead to a difference in opinions among the employees of the organization. ... Similarly, effective leadership is an essential management tool in enhancing organizational effectiveness. The managers mobilize others to get things done in an organization. They need to acquire skills for peoples’ management through effective training. Literature Review The management of organizations is charged with the responsibility of detecting and responding to these changes accordingly and in good time. The changes affect the organizational objectives as well as the way employees deal with each other (Mowat, 2002). Addressing the issue of change is one of the difficult and yet most important tasks of the managers of an organization (Stichler, 2011). Management of change requires an earlier mitigation of the possible change patterns that are likely to be encountered. These changes can be caused by company growth, diversification leading to introduction of new products, acquisition of modern technology, or entry into new market (Sadler, 1998). It has also been noted that the real task in the management of change is not developing a new idea; the task lies in the implementation of change (Fishman, 1997). The managers have to ensure that the employees adapt to the observed changes and the new strategies to be adopted. Stichler (2011) further asserts that the greatest failure in the management of an organization is to avoid addressing the issues of organizational change with the assumptions that the employees will adapt willingly to the changes. The people constitute the organization and thus change often begins among the people (Brown & Gray, 1995). Values are fundamental beliefs upon which the strength of an organization is built (Business Improvement Architects, 2012). Individuals in

The Pros and Cons of In-House Versus Outsourced R&D Activity for Essay

The Pros and Cons of In-House Versus Outsourced R&D Activity for Technology Firms - Essay Example R & D is the basis behind the creation of new inventions in technology firms, and it is an ongoing process that does not stop as companies are always looking to better the products they have on the market so as to avoid being overtaken by the competition. When dealing with R & D, there are two ways that a company can go about matters; one is through doing these activities in-house while the other is outsourcing these activities to other companies. In-house refers to doing these R & D activities internally (that is, within the company) through company employees while outsourcing refers to contracting out the activities to another company who then sell back their progress and discoveries to the company in the form of services rendered. Though outsourcing has become quite popular among companies over the years there are still some organizations that prefer to keep all their activities in-house, and both (that is, outsourcing and in-house) have pros and cons that a company needs to look at before determining which is one would best suit their company (Krugman, 2006). In terms of outsourcing, there are a couple of Pros that should be taken into consideration, the first being the avoidance of various regulations that may prove to be burdens ome to the company and are present in the country but not in others. These can regulations can refer to issues involving the workers where having the R & D performed in-house would mean that the organization has to concede to extra costs that are demanded by the various labor unions, for example, which may prove to be costly on the overall expenditure or may working conditions that may take a while to set up thus eating into much valued time in the process (Gordon etal 2009)The process of outsourcing allows a company to circumvent all these issues as they are no longer responsible for the workers performing the R & D activities and therefore do not have to deal with such regulations. Another Pro is the cost saving implications that outsourcing provides as in most cases it is much cheaper to outsource activities to another firm than to perform these activities in-house (Koulopoulos, 2006) This can be due to a number of reasons including the tax differences between the countries where by the taxes in the countries where the outsourced companies are based are not as high as those found locally and therefore, they are able to charge less than it would cost to set up the activities here. These savings on money can be used in other sectors of the company that may need it meaning that the company does not have to struggle for means of acquiring this finances thus churning out a win-win situation for all. In terms of Cons with regard to outsourcing, the major one would be the weakened ability of the company to protect its information from its rivals as a result of outsourcing these activities to a foreign based firm. Ensuring that any essential discoveries made remains strictly within the company’s database and is not leaked out to any of its competitors may be difficult as the company will not have a choice but to trust the company that they have outsourced their R & D activities to and hope that they are not susceptible to leakage as the issue

Innate immunity in tuberculosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innate immunity in tuberculosis - Essay Example of the body, and patients would just waste away with no effective intervention; however, to date, this infectious disease can be successfully treated with antibiotics (Schiffman, 2008). Brill et al., (2001) reported that tuberculosis remains to be the major health problem worldwide and because of the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis becomes more significant in the years to come in regions where there is an endemic case of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogen (Brill et al., 2001). Todar (2008) stated that a human immune system is composed of two major subdivisions, namely: (1) Innate or non-specific immune system, and (2) adaptive or specific immune system. The primary or the first line of defence mechanism against invading organism is known as the innate or non – specific immune system (Todar, 2008). This contains cellular and humoral components by which the protective functions are carried out (Todar, 2008). Junqueira - Kipnis et al (2003) noted that with M. tuberculosis, the innate and adaptive immune systems contributes to the defense of the host. Van Crevel et al (2002) noted that the outcome of the infection depends greatly on the relationship between M. tuberculosis and the human host. Both the innate and adaptive defense mechanism is involved with respect to the host. Hence, mechanisms to circumvent and antagonise protective immunity have been developed by M. tuberculosis. The component of the innate immune response are formed by phagocytosis and subsequent IL -12 secretion that are initiated in the absence of prior antigen exposure (Raja, 2004). Natural resistance - associated macrophage protein, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and many others are considered as the component of innate immunity. Raja added that the first line of defense in the innate immunity of M. tuberculosis is played by the plasma lysozyme and other enzymes. Van Crevel et al (2002) noted that macrophages are â€Å"main effector cells†

Total Quality Management; bringing forth the change required to obtain competitive advantage

Total Quality Management; bringing forth the change required to obtain competitive advantage The world economy has undergone rapid changes during the past two decades with the advent of global competition to an extent that almost every company (large or small) is touch by it in some ways. As creativity and innovation are necessary for bringing forth the change required to obtain competitive advantage, quality is the most effective factor a company can use in the battle for customers/clients. To be competitive, the customers must be satisfied and to satisfy customers we must focus on quality. Total Quality Management (TQM) provides the philosophy and driving force for designing quality in order to delight the customers by focusing on best value of a companys products or services. The above summation agreed with Zikmund (1994), who opined that Total Quality Management is a business philosophy that embodies the belief that management process must focus on integrating the idea of Customer drives quality throughout an organization. It is in line with the above that this chapter will discuss:  ¨ An overview of Total Quality Management  ¨ Basic principles and concepts of Total Quality Management  ¨ Tools and techniques of Total Quality Management  ¨ Total Quality Management as a business strategy and implementation  ¨ Review and evaluation of TQM on organisational performance and productivity This is however to ensure that management, scholars, researchers and others fully grasp TQM principles, tools, techniques and methodology as a way of contributing to quality improvement process and enhancing corporate performance and productivity. Therefore, the objective of Total Quality Management practice is to improve the corporate performance of organization. 2.1 OVERVIEW OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT 2.1.1What is Total Quality Management? Total Quality Management is an American perception of managing quality. Since TQM deals with quality, it seems evident that the first step towards understanding the meaning of the phrase would require an understanding of the word â€Å"quality.† The word which means different thing to different people, is often used to describe goods and services. Although, Quality as a concept is subjective, but in general, it can be defined as a measure of the degree to which a particular product satisfies customers expectations with respect to certain tangible and intangible features of the product. However, Robert Kotler (1994), view a products quality as the ability to perform its functions. It includes the products overall durability, reliability, precision, ease of operation and repairs and other valued attributes. Although some of these attributes can be measured objectively from marketing point of view, but quality should be measured in terms of buyers perception. Sullivan (1986), showed evidence on this issue when he defined seven stages of quality in Japan in order of increasing level of quality to include: product oriented, process oriented, systems oriented, humanistic, society, cost oriented, and quality function deployment (QFD). Deming (1986), saw quality as aiming at the needs of the customers (present and future). Juran sees quality as fitness for purpose while Crosby (1979), saw quality primarily as conformance to requirements. Rao, et.al (1996) also approached the scope on quality when they cited Garvin (1988) as the first to categorize the numerous definitions on quality existing in the literature in an effort to create a common understanding. Five approaches were identified to defining quality: the transcendent, product-based, user-based, manufacturing-based, and value-based approach. a. The transcendent approach is typified by Barbara Tuchmans (1980), definition: â€Å"a condition of excellence implying fine quality as distinct from poor quality. Quality is achieving or reaching for the highest standard as against being satisfied with the sloppy or fraudulent.† Examples of fine quality that meet this definition are present in fine arts and literature. However, these items may not represent quality to everyone and its lack of objectivity also create problem for companies in business environment who are striving for quality. b. The product-based approach identifies features or attributes that can be measured to indicate higher quality. This approach provides objective measures of quality compared to the first. c. The user-based approach determines the quality of the goods. The product or service that best satisfies the user is the higher quality product. This approach equates customers satisfaction with quality. d. The manufacturing-based approach was described by Crosby (1979), as conformance to requirements. e. The value-based approach introduces the element of price. Broh (1982), provided one expression of this approach: â€Å"Quality is the degree of excellence at an acceptable price and control of variability at an acceptable cost.† Unfortunately, like as said earlier, most of these definitions are subjective. Although the manufacturing-base and product-based approaches are objective, quality has to be defined by the organisation concerned. Having come to term that quality is a necessary pre-requisite for any company operating in todays highly competitive business environment, it is therefore implied that as quality varies from one company to another, it also dependent on their mission, policy, and other elements that guide the company in the realisation of its corporate goals. It is therefore common that in the manufacturing sector, quality in both product and service is a compelling competitive differentiator, while for service business, quality is everything-essentially, it is the product. From an institutional point of view, Total Quality Management is maintaining an environment in which all employees are empowered to participate as a team in determining, measuring, and improving quality of a company. It includes the use of facts and data to implement a management philosophy with the overall aim of increasing customers satisfaction, profitability, and job satisfaction. It is from this perspective that Akpeiyi (1995), defined TQM as â€Å"a business strategy for ensuring that organization delivers quality goods and services to both its external and internal customers so that the organization can continuously remain in a profitably rewarding business.† Besterfields, et.al (1995) on the other hand, defines TQM as â€Å"both a philosophy and a set of guiding principles that represent the foundation of a continuously improving organization.† According to Arene (1995), TQM stands for customer satisfaction at the lowest cost involving all the people in the organization. She further stated that the three key elements of TQM (Customer satisfaction, low cost, people involvement and empowerment) call for a total cultural change in leadership and management style, values for effectiveness and deficiency. Quality according to her stands for the highest standards and the best of the best. Speaking in the same vein, Juran (1995) said that following World War II, the Japanese embarked on a course of reaching national goals by trade rather than by military means. And that the major manufacturers who had been involved extensively in military production were faced with converting to civilian production but a major obstacle to selling their products in the international markets was a national reputation for shoddy goods created by export of poor quality goods prior to world war II. He then went on to say that to solve this problem, the Japanese undertook to learn how other countries achieve high quality. To this end, the Japanese carried out in-depth research and study from which they devised some unprecedented strategies for creating a revolutionary pace. The Japanese experience confirms the fact that giving the growing competition in world, a competition which not only put one country against another and ultimately one race against another, it is only those organizations or countries and races that can compete on the quality of their products and services will survive. Carlos Cordon (1996) postulated that a fundamental basis of TQM is a culture for countinuous improvement. He pointed out that workers are the experts because they have the detailed knowledge of how the work is done and they are the best to improve the process. Cordon further noted that while top management should endorse and initiate the change, it is at the bottom of the organization that the responsibility for improving process lays. Under this philosophy, work is done in teams. These teams are responsible for the individual operations and also improving the process. He argued further that the role of the supervisors and managers changes in which they become the team coaches, making sure that the team has the resources needed to fulfill their mission. Cordon maintained that to implement this TQM cultural change, a company should train its workers to equip them with tools for process improvement and typically, such training includes techniques about effective team work, problem solv ing, process analysis, project management, statistical tools etc. Once trained in the use of these tools, the teams generate ideas for improvement and thereby implement the ideas. With this spirit, mistakes are considered as opportunities for improvement and the objectives is to obtain improvement is a continuous process. It is noteworthy to point out that training in TQM is a continuous process for all employees and not an â€Å"on-off† investment for a year, because if this â€Å"on-off† approach is adopted, then the TQM training will be seen as a program not as a process. Festus Iyayi (1994), also instructively noted that â€Å"TQM is both a routine and philosophy of excellence in an organizational means for providing products and services that have good qualities to a high degree.† According to him, as a route to excellence, TQM is a conscious, formalized and systematic process of seeking, achieving a sustaining improvement in the quality of all activities, structures and processes for the purpose of satisfying the organizations customers which in turn improves the overall performance of the organization. Miller (1994), also did an exploration on TQM and found out that only those companies that apply the techniques of TQM can survive the competition in future. Such companies according to Miller, will increase greatly in competitiveness and performance due to the effect of TQM. From the foregoing definitions, TQM can be described as the most important management methodology available today to achieve and maintain a competitive edge against worldwide competition. It can be tailored for a particular environment and there are many ways for implementation, which will be discussed later. Due to high and growing tension, which leads to feelings of blame, mistrust, lack of common vision of the future, coupled with low morale, many organizations are gradually turning to TQM. It is therefore essential at this point to identify the leading sages in TQM in order to understand its principles and concepts to be discussed later. 2.1.2 The Deming Philosophy: Dr. W. Edwards Deming was the first American to introduce quality principles to the Japanese on a large scale. He is credited with providing the foundation of the Japanese quality †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and resurgence as an economic power. Over the years, Deming condensed his philosophy into 14 points, which became action items for top management to adopt. He also outlines seven deadly diseases that can prevent the successful introduction of TQM. Below are the 14 points he developed as a theory for management for improvement of quality, productivity and competitive position:  § Create constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and service.  § Learn the new philosophy  § Cease dependence on inspection of the product to achieve quality. But require statistical evidence of process control along with incoming critical parts.  § Buy materials only if the supplier has a quality process. End the practice of awarding business on the basis of the price tag alone.  § Use statistical methods to find troubleshoots and constantly improve the system.  § Institute modern aids to training on the job  § Institute modern methods of supervision.  § Drive out fear  § Break down barriers between departments  § Eliminate numeral goals  § Review work standards to account for quality  § Remove barriers that rob people of their pride of workmanship  § Institute a vigorous program for training people in new skills  § Create a structure in top management that will push the above 13 points every day. 2.1.3 Juran Juran is regarded as one of the prime architects of the quality revolution in Japan. After graduating as an engineer, in 1924 he joined the Western Electric Hawthorne Works where he was assigned to the inspection function. In 1951 he published the Quality Control Handbook, which later became a seminal work in the area. He arrived in Japan four years after Deming. He founded the Juran Institute in 1979. Juran expresses his approach to quality in the form of the Quality Trilogy. Managing for quality, he stated, involved three basic processes:  § Quality planning.  § Quality control  § Quality improvement 2.1.4 Crosby In 1965 Crosby joined ITT as a corporate vice president of quality, the first one in the United States. In 1979 he launched a consulting practice focused on quality. Crosby described quality as â€Å"free† and argued that zero defects were a desirable and achievable goal. He defined quality as conformance to requirements. Accordingly, a Pinto meeting the requirements for a Pinto were a quality product just as much as was a Cadillac conforming to Cadillac requirements. Recognising that improving quality by increasing the level of inspection would raise costs, he insisted that the way to achieve zero defects was to improve prevention techniques. Conformance costs include appraisal and prevention costs. The traditional view, as expressed by Juran, is that the cost of appraisal must increase if quality is to increase. Crosbys contribution was that, by improving prevention approaches, the cost would decline since the entire quality-appraisal trade-off curve would move in the direction shown. He articulated his view of quality as the four absolutes of quality management:  § Quality means conformance to requirements. Requirements needed to be clearly specified so that everyone knew what was expected of them  § Quality comes from prevention. And prevention was a result of training, discipline, example, leadership, and more.  § Quality performance standard is zero defects. Errors should not be tolerated.  § Quality measurement is the price of nonconformance. In order to improve quality, Crosby proposed a 14-point program:  § Demonstrate management commitment by being convinced that quality improvement is needed and subscribing to a written quality policy. This policy should specify clearly that each person be expected to perform exactly as specified or cause the specifications to be changes to match the needs of the company or the customer.  § Form quality improvement teams. These should be cross -functional and include department heads to oversee the quality improvement process. The team of department heads should be responsible for promoting quality through the entire company.  § Establish measurements for quality in all activities. Although many of these measures could be error rates, he also included some others. As examples, he suggested that accounting could use the percentage of late reports; plant engineering could use time lost because of equipment failures.  § Evaluate the cost of quality and use it to identify where quality improvements could be profitably made.  § Raise the awareness of quality through the organization. Get employees involved by making them aware of costs.  § Take corrective action to improve quality in areas identified in the previous steps.  § Plan for zero defects. Using members of the quality improvement team, plan a zero defects program that fits the company and its culture.  § Train all employees to carry out their part of the quality improvement program.  § Hold a Zero Defects Day to signal to all employees that the company has established a new performance standard.  § Encourage people to set goals for themselves and their groups. These goals should be specific and measurable, and progress should be measured against them.  § Remove obstacles that prevent employees from achieving these goals by encouraging them to report these obstacles to management  § Provide recognition for those who participate. This should be public and non-financial  § Establish quality councils consisting of team chairpersons and quality professionals. They should meet regularly, share experiences, and generate ideas.  § Do it all over again to stress that quality improvement is a continuous process. 2.1.5 Feigenbaum Armand Feigenbaum joined General Electric in Schenectady, New York, in 1944. While working on the jet engines he found that statistical techniques helped him improve their performance, and, as a result, GE put him in charge of its quality programs. Later, at MIT he developed the concepts of Total Quality Control. In 1968 he founded his own consulting company, General Systems. Throughout his career he promoted the concept of Total Quality Control. Feigenbaum defines total quality as an excellence-driven rather than a defect-driven concept. In his view quality is defined by the customer, and in this regard he is similar to Juran. He also feels that the quality philosophy extends beyond the factory floor to include all of the functions in an organisation. This is similar to Crosbys view of a broader scope for TQM. In order to persuade management to adopt a quality strategy, he also used the Cost-of -Quality approach. 2.1.6 Ishikawa Kaoru Ishikawa graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1939 with a degree in applied chemistry. His life was totally committed to the promotion of Total Quality through Japan. Ishikawa believed that all divisions and all employees in the organization should be involved in studying and promoting quality control by learning seven statistical tools. He created one of these tools, the cause-and-effect diagram, which is also known as the Ishikawa diagram. Ishikawas second concept was that of the customer as primary in defining quality. He defined the customer as the next person in the line, the person who gets your work or anybody who relies on you. 2.1.6 Taguchi Genichi Taguchi formerly an employee of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph has had significant influence on the quality movement in Japan. His prime focus was in making statistics practical. For this endeavor he won the Deming Prize in 1960, and since then he has won the prize again on three separate occasions. His ideas are promoted in the United States through the American Supplier Institute. Taguchi viewed quality as an issue for the entire company and focused on the use of statistical methods to improve quality, particularly in the area of product design. Two of his concepts are particularly significant:  § The loss function  § Design characteristics and â€Å"noise† Although Deming, Juran and Crosby are the most well-known TQM gurus in the United States, it could be argued that Feignenbaum, Ishikama, Taguchi have been as influential as they in defining the scope of TQM. In broad terms, they all agree with each other. Accordingly, they all agreed that TQM seeks to improve productivity, and it does so by focusing on satisfying the customer and by involving employees in the process. TQM they further agreed, has the practical goal of improving the bottom line and at the same time raising employee morale. 2.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF TQM With such strong evidence that TQM integrates fundamental management techniques, existing improvement efforts, and technical tools under a disciplined approach, it is there important to highlight some of its underlying basic principles and concepts. The principles of TQM are a set of commonsense beliefs that determine the individuals action in everyday life not just at work. According to Colin Burns, (1995) experience has shown over and over again that for TQM culture to be entrenched in any organization, the individual in that organization must undergo personal change. This is because the ability of an organization to imbibe in TQM culture is considerably enhanced when the individuals within such organizations first believe in and apply with passion the principles of TQM in their lives and interactions with people. He further maintained that the innovative principles that have been known to transform the individual â€Å"inside-out† and provide the glue for holding together the entire TQM process include: * Personal vision * Personal leadership * Personal management * Interpersonal leadership * Emphatic communication * Creative co-operation * Balanced self renewal He opined further that without observing and applying the above principles of good management in our individual lives, methods and techniques of TQM alone would rarely produce good quality products and services. The bottom-line according to him is that quality and excellence can only be built on a foundation of sound management principles. Aluko, et.al (1997) states that each TQM is a unique initiative that acts as a framework for morality in business. According to them, TQM consider the efforts of those directly involved, both inside and outside the organization. It is no coincidence therefore that successful TQM models all tends to embody concepts of integrity, honesty, commitment, participation and ownership. Indeed, they value and respect the contributions from each individual as the driving force within TQM organization. Although the principles of TQM may differ from one authority to another, they were able to summarize sixteen principles of TQM that should guide management as given by Choppins (1995) to include the following: Highest priority: Total quality must overtly be the highest priority of the organization / company / individual.. Quality definition: Any definition of quality must include meeting / satisfying /conforming to agreed/negotiated customer needs / requirements / wants / expectations. Customer definition: The concept of customers include investors / employees / stakeholders / suppliers / the community and even interpersonal relationship. Customer satisfaction: Long-term satisfaction of customer needs will be an aim of any total quality organization. Aim: A total quality organization will have a clearly stated, widely understood and generally accepted direction/aim. Communication: A total quality organization will communicated openly and clearly its principles / beliefs / values / mission statement/policy for quality. Ethos: Total quality management embodies the values / beliefs / ethos of the organization, and thus total quality is intrinsic to every activity, decision and action. Values: The highest levels of integrity, honesty, trust and openness is essential ingredients of total quality management. Mutual respect and benefit: There is an implicit mutual respect of all stakeholders involved with a total quality organization, which assumes that long term business is intended to be mutually beneficial to all concerned. Health and safety: Health, safety and environmental issues have a high priority within a total quality organization since the welfare of all investors / employees / suppliers / the community as stakeholders in the enterprise is intrinsic to the future well being of the organization. Commitment: Leadership of total quality management stems from the top of the organization and enlists individual and team commitment throughout. Participation and ownership: Total quality offers each individual the opportunity to participate in, and to feel ownership of his/her activities, and jointly to share a sense of ownership for the success of the entire company. Continuous improvement: TQM involves continuous and measurable improvement at all levels of the organization, ranging from organizational performance to individual staff performance, such that continuous process improvement becomes a salient aspect of success. Performance: TQM requires consistent, predictable, accurate, and precise performance to high standards in all areas of the organization. Therefore, measurement, assessment and auditing are common TQM activities. Resources: One major aim of every total quality organization is to use resources better, and to achieve greater success (financial and / or otherwise). Investment: TQM will always require sufficient/ appropriate investment to ensure that planned activities can occur. Speaking in a similar vein, Onanusi (1998), remarked that every organization which want to unite her work force and provide horizons for thoughts and action amongst them require the following values to compliment the above listed principles. Quality service focusing on clients in order to deliver quality service that exceeds expectation is an essential value. Quality people: This stems from recruiting the best people and training them to be the best of the best. Meritocracy: Connotes providing employees with challenging opportunities for career development, based on their effectiveness in serving the client. The fourth value: Concerns the approach of employing the same methodologies and sharing resources to ensure that each employee delivers high quality services consistently. Integrity: Which expects that everybody adhere to personal and professional standards. Innovation Referring to delivering unique solution to each clients need And the last value stewardship Concerns a commitment to investigating in the future order to bequeath a stronger and more effective organization to future generation of people in the work place. From the above, it follows logically, that organizations will not begin the transformation of TQM until it is aware, recognized the importance and necessity of the principles of TQM towards quality improvement if they are to survive domestic and global competition. Robert Helter (1995) in â€Å"The Leadership Imperative† defines the concepts of TQM as a practical methodology for continuously improving all business process†. But the Besterfields believe that TQM requires six basic concepts in order to integrate fundamental management techniques, existing improvement efforts, and technical tools under a disciplined approach. These concepts as highlighted by them include the following:  § A committed and involved management to provide long-term top-to-bottom organizational support.  § An unwavering focus on the customer, both internally and externally.  § Effective involvement and utilization of the entire work force.  § Continuous improvement of the business and production process.  § Treating supplies as partners  § Establishing performance measures for the process. These concepts outline an excellent way to run a business. Organizations in Nigeria that practice TQM are therefore seriously advised to internalize the above concepts into their activities and continuously defend the concepts from dilution by carrying out quality audits periodically to ensure that established systems are maintained. As TQM concepts work when it is completely integrated into the culture of the organization and it becomes a way of life and an endless journey practiced by all. 2.3.1 TQM AS A BUSINESS STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION As Rao et.al (1996) remarked, most corporate leaders today would agree that the only constant in business life is change. This change can be large or small, rapid or slow, planned or unplanned, controllable or uncontrollable and it occurs in all aspects of organizational life. One of the tasks of TQM is the successful utilization of the tools and techniques. And above all, the ability to change the organizational culture so that paying attention to quality is a normal part of the behavior of the organization. However, sustaining the method of organizational change necessary to transform an organization so that quality becomes a way of life is the hardest part of TQM process. It is important to recognize that TQM is not a program that can be implemented and completed; rather TQM is an ongoing effort. This rationale was instructively noted in Crosbys work when he says, â€Å"Do it all over again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and Deming when he says, â€Å"†¦push the above thirteen points every day.† 2.4.1 TQM Implementation Without implementation, there is absolutely no point in a company adopting TQM as a business strategy for whatever purpose. Because from all indications, implementing TQM is a forever process, with no finite end. It is a never-ending journey of quality improvement process. This conclusively brings to us that, all in an organization need to work together to meet the challenges of implementing TQM. Even though there may be a major difference in the degree of implementation, the relevant literatures of TQM focus largely on management and management techniques on TQM implementation. In implementing TQM in an organization, implementation plans need to be established in order to accomplish the organizational desired goals. Implementation plans in this context refers to sequence of events, programs, meetings, and activities designed to help employees learn new perspectives, skills, attitudes, behaviors in the TQM process. This means that the process of introducing TQM is one that requires changing various elements of the existing culture in the organization. The process must be planned and managed from the top. This is why Besterfields, et.al noted that, TQM implementation process begins with senior management and most important, the CEOs commitment, hence, the importance of the role of senior management. It is critically important that senior management take time to fully understand TQM and what it can achieve for the organization and develop and agreed (at board level) plan for implementation before attempting to implement the plan. The attitude of senior managem ent to TQM must be positively demonstrated everyday and in every action as indifference and lack of involvement are frequently cited as the principal reasons for the failure of quality improvement efforts. Delegation and rhetoric is insufficient involvement is required. As a general rule, the senior management starts implementation with clear statement of â€Å"quality policy† which entails the ethics, mission and value of the organization and of course its philosophy. This can be regarded as the planning phase (where the decision to implement TQM is taken, the planning, implementing and monitoring processes are established as well as the organizational structures to be used in the implementation process). The next line of action under implementation process is organizational change phase. H