How Effective Is Cooling Down Free Essays

?How effective is sweating at cooling you down? DC The temperature of each test tube that contains water which had different conditions that was measured each minute Temperature (Â ±0. 05 Â °C) Minute Dry Dry/Windy Wet Wet/Windy 1 77 82 70 76 2 75 80 64 70 3 72 76 59 65 4 69 73 55 60 5 67 71 53 57 6 65 68 50 53 7 64 66 48 51 8 63 64 46 48 9 61 61 44 46 10 59 60 42 44 11 58 58 41 43 12 56 56 40 41 13 55 55 39 40 14 54 53 38 38 15 53 52 37 37 (All number is put into one whole number) DCP The percentage change of the temperature of each test tube that contains water which had different conditions that was measured each minute + average percentage change Percentage change in temperature (Â ±0. 5 %) Trials Dry Dry/Windy Wet Wet/Windy 1 27 34 31 67 2 31 37 47 51 3 29 60 4 34 32 61 75 5 37 42 52 62 6 31 53 7 35 41 57 63 8 29 39 53 60 9 35 38 61 70 10 37 43 57 54 11 30 36 52 60 Average 32 38 53 62 (All number is put into one whole number) Calculations: Percentage Change in temperature: (Final-Initial)/Final x 100 = % change Initial Data chosen: Dry; Final=53, initial=79. We will write a custom essay sample on How Effective Is Cooling Down or any similar topic only for you Order Now 9-53/79 x 100 = 33% Average percent change in temperature: The sum of all percent changes in temperature for dry / the number of percentages 27 + 31 + 29 + 34 + 37 + 31 + 35 + 29 + 35 + 37 + 30/11 = -32% average percent change in temperature Conclusion The experiment was designed to investigate how sweating is effective on cooling you down. Four test tubes containing water that was all in different conditions of one being a normal test tube covered in newspaper, the same but was blown with a fan, a wet test tube covered in newspaper and the same one that was blown with a fan. For fifteen minutes, the temperature of the water in the test tube is measured every minute. The results above have shown that the test tube that was covered with dry newspaper’s percentage change is not that great from the original to the final temperature, as it is only 32%. As wind is blown to the same dry newspaper test tube, the percentage change of the temperature increase, being 38%. When it comes to the test tube covered with the wet newspaper the percentage change increase much more with a 53 % change. The highest percentage change, with 62% is the test tube that was covered with wet newspaper and blown by the wind. In theory, as our body heats up over the normal temperature, our body senses that there is an increase in heat, therefore it releases heat as sweat to cool us down. This is monitored by a part of our brain called the hypothalamus which monitors the temperature of blood in our body. The hypothalamus sends signals when our blood temperature increases or decreases. It sends signals because there is a change in levels, this called negative feedback. The signals sent is then carried by neurons to other parts of the body, this process happens by the arterials being widen, which then will make the blood flow through our skin. Consequently, our shunt vessels will close; the blood will then transfer heat from our body core to the skin. Thus the temperature of our skin will increase, which then eventually cause our body to sweat. Based on the results that were obtained from the data were similar to the theory, when our body is wet, the temperature changes and decreases more. Similar from the data above, the wet newspaper had a 53% changed compared to 32% dry newspaper. This indicates that when our body is wet, there is a higher chance of a larger percentage change than being dry. Same, when the wind blows to the newspaper, it made it faster for the temperature to return normal. Furthermore, the Standard Deviation error bars are not too far apart to the column thus it shows that my data is fairly accurate. Evaluation Limitations Why? Suggestion The different initial temperature of water Because the water that was poured into the test tube had different temperatures at the start, the change in temperature of each test tube aren’t constant By boiling the water in a specific temperature, so that when it is poured the temperature will be the same The layering of newspaper for each test tube When the layering of the newspaper is thick, it will keep the test tube slow down the rate of changing temperature, with a thin newspaper, it will be faster Keep the newspaper layering at the same thickness, make sure each test tube is covered in the same amount of layers Difficult to tell the temperature through the test tube/newspaper Because we can’t raise the thermometer up, there was a difficulty in reading it, as it was covered by the newspaper, so then we had to guess sometimes By layering it with something more translucent, so that it will be easier to see The different distance of the fan As there was no standards for the length of distance of the fan to the test tube, the percentage change will not be precise By making the distance from the fan to the test tube a control, thus having the same distance for each How to cite How Effective Is Cooling Down, Papers

Information Systems Analysis of Allsports Club-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Information Systems Analysis and Design of Allsports Club. Answer: Introduction As the Allsports club is managing all its information manually which is quite complex process as well as expensive which is affecting the revenue collection of the club. This happens as all of these processes consumes a lot of money in terms of both material cost and manpower. Therefore, this report contributes to the feasibility of the development of the information system for the club in order to automate and online all the processes. In addition to that, the report also consist of discussion about the approach taken for the development of the system, system requirements, and cost benefit analysis of this project. Moreover the report also contributes to the, schedule of the project and System Information Requirement Investigation techniques to be used in this project. Approach to Systems Development Existing system/process and issues with the system Presently the president of the club uses the word processor package and the spreadsheet applications in which they are experiencing some difficulty in order to follow and find out and track different details of the articles submitted by the members of the club and the advertisements provided by the businesses organizations. Due to this complexity, recently some of the news letters are published after the promised date. Using this manual system the president is also unable find out the members who have not edited a single newsletter for once. The club completes a wide range of transactions and activities to accommodate the needs of the club such as collecting the advertisements from the businesses organizations, colleting articles from the players and the members of the club (Hasan, Loucopoulos and Nikolaidou 2014). The club also have a considerable amount of operational data that has a fairly high complexity and is hard to manage in the manual way. Selected approach for the development of the proposed application As the detailed requirement for the proposed application is not clearly defined, thus it is proposed to use the adaptive SDLC approach for the development of the proposed information system (Ates, Yaman and Yalinkaya 2016). The adaptive methodology for the system development takes a tactical and iterative approach to for the development of the proposed system where the main focus is on the capabilities of the development team to convey a functional system in trivial iterative software packages. Justification for the section of the approach This approach will be helpful for this project as this project will cover different changing requirements by the members and the president of the club. Thus use of the adaptive approach will help in accommodating new legitimate requirements for the systems provided or asked by the club in the mid of the project life cycle. Systems Requirements Functional System requirements Searching of the members: The user or editor of the newsletter shall be able to search all the members who had edited the newsletter at least once in their membership period or the time period specified by the user (Ates, Yaman and Yalinkaya 2016). They can get the initial set of members databases or select a subset from the total members database used as the back end of the system. The system shall provide appropriate viewers for the user to read documents or data stored in the database. User log: Every data transaction by any of the users shall be recorded in a log file in order to find out the responsible individual in any kind of accidental data exposure so that this kind of accidents can be avoided by taking corrective measures. The user data creation, modification and deletion would require permission of the manager level employee or members of the club, so that the data cannot be easily altered by anyone in the organization. Different authorization levels: As there are different types and levels of users of the proposed system thus there will be different roles in the system. User can be president, general members of the club and the editors of the newsletter (Hasan, Loucopoulos and Nikolaidou 2014). In the proposed information system the president can have all the access to update the records in the system whereas general can insert their personal data and read them but cannot edit them without the permission of the president. Reporting: Report generation for the list of all members, list of all members without email addresses and the newsletters they have edited, list of articles to be published, list of advertisements to be published, list of all members with email addresses, list of all members, for the analysis and evaluation can be done by the proposed information system. Non-functional requirements of the proposed system Performance: The developed information system must ensure that the multiple applications interfaces can be concurrently facilitated by the system without system crashes (Mueckschel and Koehler 2014). Search or modification of the data and the report should be done in reasonable amount of time and without too much delay. Other non-functional requirements includes, Interoperability of the system (the system needs to be capable of running on several platforms), Reliability (whether the data stored in the information system is reliable) and Scalability (the system should be scalable as the number of users increases with time). Project Cost Benefit Analysis The cost benefit analysis records the project costs and substantial or tangible benefits in order to calculate the ROI or the return on investment, NPV (net present value) IRR (internal rate of return), and the total payback period. At that point, the distinction between the expenditure and the advantages from making the move to the move are figured out (Ates, Yaman and Yalinkaya 2016). A general dependable guideline for this analysis is the expenditure of the project ought to be less than the fifty percent of the estimated benefit and the payback time frame should not surpass more than a year. The following table shows the cost benefit analysis of the Project Schedule The above figure is the gnatt chart for the given Information system development project for all sports club which is named as ASCIS. The project colonist of planning, requirement analysis, design, development, testing, implementation and maintenance phases. The total time limit for the project is given by 89 days where as the budget for the given project is $60,000. The following is the work breakdown structure for the different subtasks under the above mentioned main project activities or tasks. System Information Requirement Investigation Techniques For this project, the following techniques can be used for the investigation of the system requirements. Interviewing club members and president: Interviewing is a way for face to face interaction strategy used to assemble facts and requirements from the end users or the clients of the proposed information system. The interviewer of this process will ask some specific inquiries in order to get valuable data from the end users of the proposed system. Document /Record Analysis: This requirement gathering strategy tries to inspect existing organizational information, records, manuals and documentations of the procedures for the current operations (Mueckschel and Koehler 2014). This strategy permits the investigator to get practical data about the existing process and system in the organization. Use of questionnaire: The strategy uses a list of questions or a questionnaire that comprises of a standard list of questions for the end users. This list of questions might be through the electronic mail (Ates, Yaman and Yalinkaya 2016). This process can be done using a paper based technique too. The questionnaires would typically incorporate distinctive sorts of inquiries. Conclusions After the development of the propose information system the club will be able to utilize their human as well as economic resource more optimally and manage their data more efficiently. Redundant processes to record, modify or deletion of the data of different process will be eliminated which will lead to better efficiency of the club. The system will also, ties together all the key elements of sporting activities transactions completed by the president of the club and the editor of the newsletter published by the club. References Ates, S.S., Yaman, K. and Yalinkaya, A., 2016. DESIGNING OF A SCALE FOR DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM PROJECTS'PLANNING: A CASE STUDY. The International Journal of Transport Logistics, 16, p.1. Hasan, M.M., Loucopoulos, P. and Nikolaidou, M., 2014. Classification and qualitative analysis of non-functional requirements approaches. In Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling (pp. 348-362). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Hirschman, A.O., 2014. Development projects observed. Brookings Institution Press. Jrad, R. and Sundaram, D., 2015. Inter-organizational information and middleware system projects: success, failure, complexity, and challenges. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016. Management information system. Pearson Education India. Mueckschel, C. and Koehler, W., 2014. Web based information systems in environmental research projects. ENVIRONMENTAL SOFTWARE SYSTEMS, p.169. Valacich, J.S., George, J.F. and Hoffer, J.A., 2015.Essentials of systems analysis and design. Pearson Education. Wasson, C.S., 2015. System engineering analysis, design, and development: Concepts, principles, and practices. John Wiley Sons.

Western Influence on Chinese Painting free essay sample

Effects of European artistic style content on Chinese landscapists in 18th Cent., role of paintings brought to China by Jesuits. The traditional view of Western influences on Chinese painting has been that the first influences derived from Chinese artists observation of the work of European artists in China in the eighteenth century. These influences have not been regarded as being of much significance and, in fact, were usually just dismissed as the aberrations of a few painters who placed themselves outside the long Chinese tradition. James Cahill and others have proposed, however, that earlier influences of a more substantial kind are to be found in the work of landscape painters of the late Ming and early Ching periods. An examination of Cahills claims shows how the European influence was integrated into the work of certain painters and eventually passed on to others who followed them. These influences do not include outright changes in subject matter or blatant alterations

The Comparison of iPhone, Droid, and BlackBerry

The Comparison of iPhone, Droid, and BlackBerry Executive Summary The report provides the comparison of three types of smartphones which are iPhone, Droid, and BlackBerry. The comparison is realized with references to the analysis of the smartphones’ basic technical characteristics and applications. The purpose of the smartphones’ critical examination is to choose the most appropriate model among the variants proposed by three leading producers within the market. The main requirements accentuated while examining the variants are the options and functions of the model and its appropriateness for the everyday personal use. To provide the necessary analysis of three types of smartphones, such criteria as the peculiarities of the operating system, usability, apps, the characteristic features of the models, and their price were determined.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Comparison of iPhone, Droid, and BlackBerry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More iPh one 4S was recommended as the most fitting variant according to the presented criteria. Introduction The modern market of digital devices proposes a lot of different variants to satisfy the taste of any customer. Each person concentrates on a range of characteristics which are important for him and necessary for completing the definite business tasks (Rentz, Flatley, and Lentz). Smartphones as the mobile devices of the new generation are practical and easy to use because they are characterized by the possibility to provide a number functions and operations. Such smartphones as iPhone, Droid, and BlackBerry have a lot advantages, and their disadvantages are predominantly based on their differences from each other. When it is necessary to choose a smartphone for a personal use, people should determine the set of criteria according to which it is possible to concentrate on the best variant to address all the personal requirements appropriately. The purpose of the report is to compare i Phone, Droid, and BlackBerry in relation to such features as the peculiarities of the operating system, usability, apps and tools, the technical characteristics, and the price of models.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The characteristic features of iPhone The operating system used in iPhone is iOS. It is developed by Apple for smartphones produced by the company. The user interface of the system and menu are easy to navigate. The work of this multi-touch device depends on controlling the processes with the help of gestures. iPhone is also oriented to using ATT and Verizon’s network. The technical characteristics of iPhone as a mobile device can be discussed with references to iPhone 4S. iPhone 4S is the more progressive variant of iPhone 4, and it is based on the dual core Apple A5 CPU. Moreover, iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S are practical because 3.5 Retina Display provides the opportunities for the effective web browsing, e-reading, and using different multimedia. iPhones are characterized by a constant evolution of their possibilities. Thus, iPhone 3GS has the 3 megapixel camera, iPhone 4 operates the 5 megapixel camera, and iPhone 4S has the 8 megapixel camera (â€Å"Compare iPhone Models†). The customers can use a great variety of apps developed by Apple for iPhone. It is possible to access to all the necessary tools with the help of Apple’s App Store. The next feature of the smartphone worked out for iPhone 4S is the Siri voice-activated personal assistant. Apple’s FaceTime app (video chatting) is also considered by consumers as the useful and progressive tool. Moreover, it is possible to share pictures and music with the other users and utilize the function of 3D positioning.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Comparison of iPhone, Droid, and BlackBerry specifically for you for only $16 .05 $11/page Learn More Consumers are usually interested in the usability of devices in order to choose the model which addresses their needs. The usability of iPhone is based on the multi-touch screen that reacts to gestures and expands the possibilities to control the work, on the ability to quick-delete swipe and bulk-delete messages. The web connectivity is also of the great importance because it is possible to access to the web pages with the help of screen apps and organize the communication via the Internet effectively. The price of iPhone depends on its model, and it can start from $200-$300. It is also necessary to pay attention to the monthly service which can cost $150. The main advantages of iPhone are in its high web connectivity and effective e-mail tools based on the powerful operating system. The models of iPhone are also characterized by a variety of apps (â€Å"Compare iPhone Models†). The peculiarities of Droids The operating system used for the Droid is worked out by Google, and it is known as Android. The work of the operating system is associated with the work of Verizon Wireless. Many specialists and consumers agree that Android is the most flexible operating system. The system is easy to use, and the additional apps allow controlling the functions of the system. It is possible to concentrate on the technical characteristics of Droids, paying attention to the Droid 4. This smartphone operates Android OS 2.3.6. It uses the 1.2GHz dual core TI CPU.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The users also accentuate its 4 qHD display. All the Droids are characterized by providing the access to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS. However, comparing the Droid 4 and the Droid RAZR MAXX, it is important to determine the 4.3 qHD Super AMOLED display in the Droid RAZR MAXX and the usage of the 1.2GHz dual core CPU. The Droid RAZR MAXX has the 8 megapixel camera. Droids are known by the possibilities to use touch-screen typing and developed slide-out QWERTY keyboards (â€Å"Motorola Smartphones†). The access to the apps for Droids is realized with the help of the Android Market. The number of the available apps is lower than the variety proposed by the developers of iPhone. It is possible to use such tools as OS 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich for the latest models of Droids. Moreover, Android allows using the special version of Google Maps and a number of Gmail apps. The work with the word documents is realized with the help of Quickoffice app. The usability of the Droids can be consid ered according to the parameters of using the apps and controlling the work with the help of touch-screens or traditional keyboards. Having chosen the models of Droids, users can form the menu of active apps and organize them for their rapid access. This function is similar to that one presented in iPhones, but it is more developed. Furthermore, the possibility to use the touch-screen as well as the slide-out QWERTY keyboard is discussed as the advantage of Droids. The price of Droids can start from $150. The models of Droids are discussed as more available for customers in comparison with the models proposed by iPhones or BlackBerry (â€Å"Motorola Smartphones†). The important features of BlackBerry smartphones The operating system for BlackBerry smartphones is developed by Research In Motion (RIM), the manufacturer of BlackBerry smartphones. The main feature of the system is its orientation to providing a lot of possibilities for receiving and sending e-mail messages. The w eb browser is improved with each model of BlackBerry smartphones. According to the technical characteristics, the first models of BlackBerry have hardware keyboards, but the latest models, known as BlackBerry Torch, are characterized as capacitive touch-screen phones with the multi-touch display with the high resolution. The models of the BlackBerry Torch operate BlackBerry OS 7 and use 1.2GHz CPU. These smartphones have the 5 megapixel camera, and it is also possible to access to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS. Moreover, the developers of BlackBerry smartphones pay much attention to the high security requirements. The apps for different models of the BlackBerry smartphones are available at the BlackBerry Store. The users can also find them in the other stores. To work with the word documents, the BlackBerry operates such an app as Documents to Go (â€Å"BlackBerry Smartphones†). The main advantage of the BlackBerry smartphones is their developed system of the BlackBerry messenger . It influences the usability of the models and the choice of consumers who work a lot with messages and e-mail. The price of the BlackBerry smartphones is comparable with the prices of iPhone, and it can start from $200-300 depending on the model. Conclusions and recommendations The choice of the best variant of a smartphone for the personal use should be based on the flexibility of the proposed options and operations, variety of the available apps, easiness in controlling and functioning, the advanced web connectivity, and the general level of usability. According to the examined criteria, iPhone is the most powerful device with the developed operating system and a modern touch-screen display with the high resolution which is easy to use because of the responsive interface and the specifics of the menu navigation. iPhone successfully addresses the people’s demands in web connecting, and it has the great number of the necessary apps and tools that can be accessed via the Int ernet without any problems. For instance, the Droids and BlackBerry have the weaker selection of the available apps and tools. The price of the device is comparable with the other brands’ prices and meets the public’s possibilities. iPhone is recommended as the type of smartphone with the highest characteristics. From this point, the model iPhone 4S is the most appropriate choice for the personal use. iPhone 4S (â€Å"Compare iPhone Models†). BlackBerry Smartphones. n.d. Web. Compare iPhone Models. n.d. Web. Motorola Smartphones. n.d. Web. Rentz, Kathryn, Marie Flatley, and Paula Lentz. Lesikar’s Business Communication: Connecting in a Digital World. USA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2010. Print.

1.Argue your opinion as to why people resort to terrorism as a means Essay

1.Argue your opinion as to why people resort to terrorism as a means to achieving their goals - Essay Example This paper will seek to establish the factors that drive people to resort to terrorism as a means of attaining their goals. One reason as to why people can at times choose to resort to terrorism as a means of attain their goals is because as the world continues to become increasingly globalized, economic problems and poverty have often been cited as being a contributing factor that serves to promote terrorism. Terrorists are often driven by a lack of upward mobility and a sense of relative depravation within their societies. The modern media and globalization have served to give poor individuals a rather acute awareness of their situation as compared to those who are well off (Thakur, 153). This is noted to often lead to humiliation, victimization and frustration among the rapidly growing cohorts of uneducated and unemployed urbanized Muslim youth who are able to make comparisons across countries. The glaring economic differences between the Western world and themselves can often serve to infuriate individuals in the underdeveloped countries, a factor which can often have the effect of significantly incr easing hostilities and tension. The development of such situations often allows organizations to gain the much needed attention and easy entry into societies that feel that they have been wronged by these perceived social injustices. A second reason as to why people can at times choose to resort to terrorism as a means of attain their goals is because of video games and mass media. In the essay appearing in an issue of Rolling Stone magazine, John Davidson points out that media video games violence can at times have the effect of causing increased violence among children (Qtd. in Ackley 290a). In the article Davidson highlights the results of a case study in which the results of a survey on 875 third-graders showed that

The High Court, The Crown Court & Magistrates Court Essay

The High Court, The Crown Court & Magistrates Court - Essay Example All offences which can be tried in the Crown Court are known as indictable offences. The most serious indictable offences which must be tried in the Crown Court are known as indictable-only offences. There are other indictable offences, such as theft, which can, but need not, be tried in the Crown Court. These are known as either-way offences. Below the Crown Court, at the lowest rung of the criminal court hierarchy, are the inferior magistrates' courts. Proceedings in magistrates' courts are presided over either by a bench of lay justices of the peace, who sit with a legally qualified clerk, or by a legally qualified stipendiary magistrate. Magistrates' courts try the either-way offences which are not tried in the Crown Court and also summary offences. These are crimes created by statute which must be tried by a magistrates' court. An either-way offence cannot be tried in a magistrates' court unless the accused assents to this and a magistrates' court agrees that the summary procedu re is appropriate. If the accused does not consent or the magistrates' court vetoes a summary trial the offence must be tried on indictment in the Crown Court regardless of whether the accused intends to plead guilty or not guilty. The only effect of a guilty plea is to make it unnecessary to empanel a jury in the Crown Court. ... In the majority of cases the court which convicts an accused also sentences him. High Court Her Majesty's High Court of Justice (usually known more simply as the High Court) is, together with the Crown Court and the Court of Appeal, part of the Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales (which under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, is to be known as the Senior Courts of England and Wales). It deals at first instance with all the most high value and high importance cases, and also has a supervisory jurisdiction over all subordinate courts and tribunals. Appeal from the High Court in civil matters lies to the Court of Appeal and thence to the House of Lords, except when the High Court is sitting as a Prize Court when appeal lies to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The High Court is based at the Royal Courts of Justice on The Strand, in central London. However, it also sits as 'District Registries' all across England and Wales and virtually all proceedings in the High Court may be issued and heard at a district registry. It is headed by the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales. By convention, all of its male judges are made Knights Bachelor, while all of its female ones are made Dames Commander of the British Empire. The High Court is split into three main divisions: the Queen's Bench Division, the Chancery Division and the Family Division. The Supreme Court Costs Office is the part of the High Court that deals with legal costs and falls outside these divisions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice If we look at the standard works of constitutional law, the only thing that is agreed is that judicial independence means that High Court judges may not be dismissed without an

Six Sigma Methodology of Engine Overheating

Six Sigma Methodology of Engine Overheating Problem The Six Sigma is methodology for continuous improvement of process quality, operational excellence and minimizes defects by keeping in mind of customer requirements. The six-sigmas aim is to achieve 1.28 process capability per million opportunities in production, design of product and in administration of products. Adaptation of six sigmas in industry can lead to unrealistic improvement. In this paper the author depicts the use of six sigma methodology for eliminating an engine overheating problem in an automotive industry. Its also explores how company can use that methods and move toward six sigma quality level. The DMAIC (Define Measure Analyze Improve Control) method used by the author to solve an underlying problem for process variation and high rate of defects. After implementing this technique, the author found sand fusion and metal penetration were responsible for jamming the cylinder head. Hence implementation of method results into a reduction in the jamming problem observed in the cylinder head and increased the process capability from 0.49 to 1.28. This improvement had an significant impact on financial statement saving ($US110000 per annum). Â   Â   Process Figure 1: Process mapping for cylinder head core making In this case study the main objective was to reduce of water jacket- passage jamming in the cylinder head of an engine. This problem was tackled by six sigma DMAIC methodology. The cylinder head is the cast product used to produced high power that is produced at the bottom surface of the cylinder head and subjects to high heat and vibration. The water jacket passage is a complex passage for water circulation around the engine. The major problem was jamming the water jacket passage leading to customer dissatisfaction. The root cause of this defects has been identified as sand fusion and metal penetration during casting. Sand fusion defects are held by high temperature molten metal fuses with the mould and core. Metal penetration is due to porosity remain in the cores. Thus, it occurs in 13 location as shown in figure 2. Figure: -2 Location of water jacket jamming The main focused on the following process to enhance the customer satisfaction and reducing COPQ (cost of poor quality) from 0.194 defects per unit (DPU) to 0.029 DPU. Sand preparation Core making process Wash preparation and coating After that authors, have been used DMAIC tool to reduce defects and improve the quality of the product. Each stage of DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve and Control) is explained below. Figure: -3 Five step methodology of six sigma The Define Phase: This is the first step of the DMAIC in which project goal, scope, boundaries and customer requirement are defined. The projects team member includes a champion, a black belt, a green belt and two graduate engineer. Furthermore, the team member asks certain question in charting sessions such that what is wrong in the production of the cylinder head casting? where is the problem? How big is the problem? What is the impact of the problem. The team make sure that these points should be been investigated prior the measure phase. The main goal of this projects was to reduce defects from 0.194 to 0.029 DPU, which immensely decrease in the cost of poor quality. After this the team conducting destructive test on cylinder head and identified root causes and performing brainstorming to an conclusion that the jamming was due to sand fusion and metal penetration. They also conclude that the major roots cause was the porous core. The main focused on the following process to enhance the customer satisfaction and reducing COPQ (cost of poor quality). Sand preparation Core making process Wash preparation and coating The measure phase: In this phase the teams select one or more products specification, mapping the process, making necessary dimensions and establishing a baseline of the process capability or process performance. This will identify all the value and non- value added steps, key process inputs and outputs. After mapping the process the team member proceed to analysis the causes of defects using cause and effects diagram shown in figure 4. Figure: -4 Cause and effect analysis of the porous core Table 1 Causes and effect matrix Its shows thats the process variables affecting the porous core were sand leakage, blow pressure, the AFS number of the sand, the gap in core box and vent choking. After identifying that contribution of porous core is over 80%, they create cause and effect table 1 showing customer needs with respect to process characteristic that are critical to customer. The next step was to define performance standards according to customer demands. A data collection plan has been establishing to track the project output and standard setting exercise. To identify the source of variation in the measurement system a gauge repeatability and reproducibility (RR) study was conducted. Its necessary to redesign the gauge to train operator how to use new gauge and read the gauge instrument and suitable fixtures were used to help the operator for more consistency. This system is used when there is variability less than 10% od the total process variability. This study is performed to check the accuracy of the workers operating the machine. Table 2 Result of gauge RR Study Thus, the result shows that variation is 6.08% which implies the measurement system acceptable as show in table 2. From the data Cpk value is estimated to 0.49, hence it is clearly indicated that the process performance is poor and improvement needed. The analysis phase: In this phase the first step is to gather data from the process to obtain a better picture of the depth of the porous core under different conditions. Later no the data that are factor affecting are being collected over a period of 36 days from different shits as shown in table 3. This data is further analysed to determine the relationship between process parameters direction of improvement. Table 3 Factors affecting response before improvement The passage jamming tendency relation to location is shown in the figure 5 with the help of Pareto chart. This has been drawn on the bases of day to day monitoring and recording the passage jamming at 13 location were arranged in descending order on X axis of the Pareto chart. Figure: -5 Pareto chart to show location wise jamming tendency The main aim of the project team to enhance the process capability by reducing variation in the process. A regression analysis is performed to determine the significance of process parameters. According the table 4. The variation P values less than 0.05 to 0.01 that are sand leakage, bulk density, and vent choking ratio are need to be further optimised and controlled. Table 4 Result of regression analysis for process parameters The improve phase: In this phase using three process parameters sand leakage, bulk density, and vent choking ratio are identified from the analysis phase. Sand leakage When the door half and the ram half were closely packed due to misalignment of the two halves at that time sand was coming out of the core box, after this the two halves were properly aligned and packing were used to seal any opening ends. The parameter may be varied from 10 to 30g/blow. Bulk density The required bulk density of core sand is between 1.78 and 1.95 g/cm3. To increase the bulk density iron oxide and mill scale was added, the iron oxide composition was accumulated to 3% to realize the required bulk density and to improve the high-temperature thermal properties of the core sand. Mill scale addition of 1.5 % additionally helped to extend the density and thermal conductivity of the sand. Vent choking This has been considered one of the serious problems posed by the foundry men. The resin used for the core sand blocked the gap of vent by sticking during the curing process. This results in the occurrence of porous core because from the core shooter air cannot escape out of the core box and only 30 vents were blocked out of 52 vents. Thinner was used to clean this vents. This cleaning was increased from once to twice a week during each shift break. The following steps were taken to control the process. AFS number Proper care was taken of sand so that only sand grain of 65-70 reaches the hopper of shell core machine. Blow Pressure The pressure gauge was checked to maintain blow pressure range of 4-4.5kg/cm2. Baume of wash According the specification standards (52- 56 Be) the was regularly checked. Fin thickness Using corrective maintenance, the fine thickness of range 0-0.85 was brought. Design of experiment (DoE) was conducted using three process and each process was studied at different levels. To have sufficient degree of freedom each trial condition was replicated as shown table 5 the results of the experiments shown average depth of porous core. Hence, the average depth of porous core was 1.25mm. The figure 6, 7 depicts the main effect plot and the interaction plots to relate this it was decided to construct a normal probability plot of effects. Figure shows 6 the main effects were statically significant at 10% level as well as figure 7 suggest light interaction between vent chocking and sand leakage. From figure 6 it seen that the optimum level of the process parameters for minizine all three defect. Thus, the average depth of the porous was computed to be 0. 80mm. Hence, process capability was improved from 0.49 to 1.28. Table 5 Result of full factorial experiment Figure: 6 Main effect plot for the depth of the porous core Figure: 7 Interaction plot showing the interactions among the process parameters The control phase: In this phase the extensive programme was conducted for the case study. Process sheets and control charts were made to take preventive action before the process went outside of control limits. A complete data base was prepared and proper monitoring of process help to detect and correct the signals before they result into customer dissatisfaction. run charts for the depth of porous core were drawn before and after improvements. The purpose of the run charts was to analyse variability in the porous core. Figure 8, 9 shows all the point are in the specification and that variability in the porous has been reduced. Figure: 8 Run chart for the porous core before improvement LSL, Lower specification limit, USL, Upper specification limit. Figure: -9 Run chart depth of core after improvement Table 6 Comparison before and after improvement based on key metrics As shown in table 10 the comparison before and after improvement the depth of porous and various systems has been improved and control by six sigma. If I were the project leader: In this case study, Brainstorming 5 why SIPOC 5S I would like to use all tools. In first step when team is made, it made by only team member so I would like to take one or two members from outside the plants and who are not from this field. By doing this there may be chance to get different ideas from them. Here author did detail study of whole process and found the reasons of problem and best possible solutions. After collecting data, I would suggest team members to find root causes by doing brain storming and also using Ishikawa Diagram. One the other important tool that authors didnt use that should be used is VSM (value stream map) through which we can easily find bottleneck of the process. I would also have used Poka -Yoke (error proofing) tool to easily find error and controlled production of incorrect parts. Just to apply Six sigma is not sufficient to improve process of product but also maintain the quality is one of the important things in any industry. So if I were the in charge of the project I would suggest to sustain the improvements and motivate team to find more better ways of handling problems.